GI system

Question 1

Regulates blood glucose, glycogen storage and production, bile production, albumin production, detoxification.

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

Synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the duodenum where it helps break down fats.

Answer 2

Bile

Question 3

A protein that helps regulate osmotic pressure in the blood plasma.

Answer 3

Albumin

Question 4

Functions in digestion and absorption. Divided into duodenum, jejunum, then ileum (think DJ Ileum).
Also produces the enzymes secretin and CCK.

Answer 4

small intestine

Question 5

Small intestine absorption

Answer 5

The villi (folds) of the small intestine increase surface area for absorption.
Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed through the capillary bed and fat-soluble nutrients through the lacteal.

Question 6

pH environment of small intestines

Answer 6

Maintains pH ~6-7, has a more basic environment compared to the stomach

Question 7

Stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate in response to acidic chyme from stomach.

Answer 7

Secretin

Question 8

Stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder.

Answer 8

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 9

Located in the enterocytes lining the intestine.
A class of enzymes that helps break down proteins and carbohydrates.

Answer 9

Brush border enzymes

Question 10

Primary site for storage and churning of food in the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 10

stomach

Question 11

Structure of stomach

Answer 11

Elastic structure that can stretch to store food. Has folds called rugae.
Food enters through gastroesophageal sphincter and exits through pyloric sphincter.

Question 12

Secrete hydrochloric acid (maintain pH of 2 in stomach) and intrinsic factor (IF) (vitamin B12 absorption).

Answer 12

Parietal cells

Question 13

Produce gastrin which stimulates secretion of gastric juices.

Answer 13

G-cells

Question 14

Secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin, an enzyme which breaks down food and is activated by acidic environment.

Answer 14

Chief cells

Question 15

Produce mucus lining to protect the wall of the stomach from self-digestion.

Answer 15

Goblet cells

Question 16

Produces digestive enzymes including amylase, lipase, proteases.

Answer 16

Pancreas – exocrine function

Question 17

Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Answer 17

Pancrease – endocrine function

Question 18

pH regulation of pancreas

Answer 18

Produces bicarbonate.

Question 19

Catalyzes the breakdown of peptide bonds in proteins.
Converted from inactive form of trypsinogen to active form by enteropeptidase.

Answer 19

Trypsin

Question 20

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract pathway

Answer 20

Oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum

Question 21

Stores and concentrates bile which functions to emulsify fat and help break it down.

Answer 21

Gallbladder

Question 22

Top third has skeletal muscle and is under somatic control.

Bottom third has smooth muscle and is under autonomic control.

Middle third has mixed skeletal and smooth muscle and is under autonomic control.

Answer 22

Esophagus

Question 23

Functions in swallowing. Prevents food from entering through the airway due to closing of the epiglottis.

Answer 23

Pharynx

Question 24

Functions in water reabsorption and makes feces. No folds, unlike small intestine.
Three subdivisions: Cecum, Colon, and Rectum.
Bacterial flora produce vitamin K and B7 (biotin).

Answer 24

Large intestines