GI System

Question 1

What nutrient are plants high in?

Answer 1

Fibre

Question 2

Why do herbivores need specific adaptations?

Answer 2

plants are high in fiber and cellulose is hard to digest

Question 3

Adaptations of herbivores

Answer 3

Symbiotic bacteria in gut

Grinding teeth

Amylase within saliva

Question 4

Carnivore Adaptations

Answer 4

Short digestive tract

Sharp teeth

No amylase in saliva

Question 5

Omnivore Adaptations

Answer 5

Medium digestive tracts

Tearing and grinding teeth

Amylase within saliva

Question 6

What do animals need in order to construct organic molecules?

Answer 6

A source of organic carbon and nitrogen

Question 7

Role of linoleic acid

Answer 7

Synthesised components of signalling molecules and membrane phospholipids

Question 8

What can a fatty acid deficiency lead to?

Answer 8

Infertility and impaired lactation

Question 9

What is scurvy caused by?

Answer 9

A lack of Vitamin C

Question 10

Intracellular digestion

Answer 10

Food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vesicles

Question 11

Extracellular digestion

Answer 11

Food particles are broken down outside of cells and occurs in compartments which are continuous with the outside of the body

Question 12

Amylase - site of action

Answer 12

Mouth

Duodenum

Question 13

End products of chemical digestion by amylase

Answer 13

Maltose

Glucose

Question 14

Protease - Site of action

Answer 14

Stomach

Duodenum

Question 15

Lipase - site of action

Answer 15

Duodenum

Question 16

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

Answer 16

Mouth

Oesophagus

Stomach

SI

Question 17

Mechanical digestion in the oesophaus

Answer 17

The food is made into a bolus at the back of the mouth. This is pushed down the oesophagus by rings of muscles, in a contraction known as peristalsis

Question 18

What is gastric juice made up of?

Answer 18

HCl and Pepsin

Question 19

What protects the stomach lining from gastric juices?

Answer 19

Mucus

Question 20

Bile

Answer 20

A green liquid made in the liver but stored and released by the gall bladder into the small intestines

Question 21

Role of bile

Answer 21

Helps digest fats and increase pH so enzymes can work well in the small intestine

Question 22

Roles of the Gall Bladder

Answer 22

Storage of bile and release into the duodenum when required

Absorption of water and concentration of bile

Question 23

Major functions of bile

Answer 23

Fatty acid metabolism

Excretion of waste products

Kill off bad microbes

Blood sugar metabolism

Question 24

Role of the pancreas

Answer 24

Releases enzymes into the small intestine that help digest our food

Question 25

Small Intestine

Answer 25

The longest part of our digestive system Made from microscopic villi which help increase the SA so more nutrients can be absorbed more quickly

Question 26

Adaptations of the small intestine

Answer 26

Large SA:V ratio Epithelial cells of the villi have numerous microvilli

Question 27

Paneth cells

Answer 27

One of the main cells types of the epithelium, which provide host defence against the microbes in the small intestine

Question 28

What happens when paneth cells are exposed to bacteria?

Answer 28

The secrete a number of antimicrobial molecules which help maintain the GI barrier

Question 29

Large intestine

Answer 29

Mainly indigestible food and water enter the large intestine It's job is to absorb water back into the body

Question 30

Large intestine

Answer 30

Mainly indigestible food and water enter the large intestine It's job is to absorb water back into the body