Skeletal Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Locomotion

Answer 1

Moving from place to place and body shape

Question 2

4 Bone types

Answer 2

Flat bones

Sesamoid

Short

Irregular

Question 3

Flat bones - examples

Answer 3

Skull

Ribs

Sternum

Question 4

Sesamoid

Answer 4

A small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces

Question 5

Role of Sesamoids

Answer 5

As focal areas of ossification and functioning as a pulley to alleviate stress on that particular muscle or tendon

Question 6

Short bones - examples

Answer 6

Carpal bones of the hand which allow movement of the wrist

Tarsal bones of the feet that allow movement of the foot

Question 7

Short bone features

Answer 7

Shaped roughly as a cube

Contain mostly spongy bone

Question 8

Irregular bones

Answer 8

Bones that have various shapes and may have short, flat or notched surfaces

Consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone

Question 9

Compact/cortical bone tissue

Answer 9

Main weight bearing structure

Hard, solid osseous tissue found in the cortex of all bones

Question 10

What forms the bulk of diaphysis in long bones?

Answer 10

Compact/cortical tissue

Question 11

The structural unit of the compact bone

Answer 11

Osteon - also called the haversian system

Question 12

Main site of Calcium exchange

Answer 12

Cancellous bone tissue

Question 13

Cancellous bone tissue

Answer 13

Hierarchal, spongy, and porous material composed of hard and soft tissue components

Question 14

Where is cancellous tissue found?

Answer 14

At the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones in the vertebral bodies

Question 15

Composition of Bone Matrix

Answer 15

25% water
25% organic components
50% inorganic components

Question 16

Intramembranous formation

Answer 16

Involves the replacemement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue

Question 17

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

Answer 17

Multi-potent cells which derive from the bone marrow, migrate to sites of injury, promote bone regeneration and can inhibit immune response

Question 18

Endochondral ossification

Answer 18

The process of Bone formation where cartilage scaffolds, arranged In zones, are gradually replaced by bones

Question 19

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

Answer 19

At the articular/epiphyseal and metaphyseal growth plates

secondary centres of ossification such as the carpal and tarsal bones

Question 20

Morphogenesis

Answer 20

The shaping of an organism by embryological processes of differentiation of cells, tissues and organs

Question 21

Mesenchymal condensations

Answer 21

A critical transitional stage that precedes cartilage formation during embryonic development

Question 22

Osteoblasts

Answer 22

Cells which form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

Question 23

Osteoid

Answer 23

The unmineralised, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of Bone tissue

Question 24

Appositional growth

Answer 24

The increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones

Question 25

Role of Chondrocytes

Answer 25

Make up the cartilage Maintain extracellular fluid Produce cartilage matrix

Question 26

Proliferation

Answer 26

Rapid increase in the amount of something

Question 27

Erythrocytes

Answer 27

A type of blood cell made in the bone marrow and found in the blood Contains haemoglobin

Question 28

Myeloid lineage

Answer 28

Primary component of the innate immune system and serves as a first line of defense against infection

Question 29

Where are cells of the osteoblastic lineage derived from?

Answer 29

Stromal cell in the postnatal organism

Question 30

Role of osteoblasts

Answer 30

Bone formation and mineralisation

Question 31

Role of osteoclasts

Answer 31

Responsible for bone resorption