Renal System

Question 1

Role of renin

Answer 1

Regulates blood pressure

Question 2

Role of erythropoietin

Answer 2

Stimulates red blood cells production in the bone marrow

Question 3

Role of the right kidney

Answer 3

Formation of urine and the regulation of water balance in the body

Question 4

Role of the ureter

Answer 4

Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 5

Role of the urinary bladder

Answer 5

Hold the urine until it is expelled from the body

Question 6

Role of the urethra

Answer 6

Transport urine out of the body

Question 7

Renal Fascia

Answer 7

Outermost, tough connective tissue layer

Anchors the adrenal glands to the surrounding structures

Question 8

Perirenal fat capsule

Answer 8

Second layer which helps anchor the kidney in place

Cushions it against blows

Question 9

Renal capsule

Answer 9

3rd and innermost layer

Gives the kidney a glistening appearance

Question 10

3 regions of the kidney

Answer 10

Outer cortex

Medulla

Renal pelvis

Question 11

What makes the renal cortex granular?

Answer 11

The presence of nephrons

Question 12

What does the medulla consist of?

Answer 12

Renal pyramids

Question 13

What is in-between the renal pyramids?

Answer 13

Renal columns through which the blood vessels pass

Question 14

What makes up the lobes of the kidney?

Answer 14

The renal pyramids along with the adjoining cortical region

Question 15

Where does the renal pelvis lead to?

Answer 15

The ureter on the outside of the kidney

Question 16

What does each nephron consist of?

Answer 16

A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

Question 17

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

Answer 17

Glomerulus

Glomerular

Question 18

Where is the cortical nephron located?

Answer 18

Almost entirely within the cortex

Question 19

Podocytes

Answer 19

Highly modified cells which make up the inner layer of the capsule

Question 20

How long is the renal tubule?

Answer 20

3cm

Question 21

Where are the juxtamedullary nephrons located?

Answer 21

Close to the cortex-medulla junction

Nephron loops dip deep into the medulla

Question 22

Where are the collecting ducts located?

Answer 22

Run downward through the medullary pyramids

Question 23

Where do the collecting ducts deliver the final urine product?

Answer 23

Into the calyces and renal pelvis

Question 24

What 2 capillary beds is each nephron associated with?

Answer 24

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillary bed

Question 25

What is the glomerulus fed by?

Answer 25

The afferent arteriole

Question 26

What is the glomerulus fed and drained by?

Answer 26

Arterioles

Question 27

Result of high blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

Answer 27

Forces fluid and small solutes out of the blood

Question 28

What happens to most of the filtrate from the nephrons?

Answer 28

Reclaimed by the renal tubule cells and returned to the blood

Question 29

What are peritubular capillaries adapted for?

Answer 29

Absorption

Question 30

What is the fluid known as once it is in the glomerular capsule?

Answer 30

Filtrate

Question 31

What is filtrate?

Answer 31

Essentially blood plasma without blood proteins

Question 32

What can proteins and blood cells not pass through the filtration membrane?

Answer 32

They are too large

Question 33

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 33

The amount of fluid filtered from the blood into the glomerular capsule per minute

Question 34

What happens to most of the fluid in the glomerular capsule?

Answer 34

Reabsorbed and reenters the plasma

Question 35

Where does most resorption happen?

Answer 35

In the PCT

Question 36

How is water reabsorbed?

Answer 36

Passively by osmosis

Question 37

How are substances other than water reabsorbed?

Answer 37

By active processes, relying on ATP

Question 38

Tubular secretion

Answer 38

Removal of hydrogen and potassium ions and creatine Can help with controlling blood pH

Question 39

Common nitrogenous wastes

Answer 39

Urea Uric acid Creatinine

Question 40

Urea formation

Answer 40

Formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown

Question 41

When is uric acid released?

Answer 41

When nucleic acids are metabolised

Question 42

What is creatinine associated with?

Answer 42

Creatine metabolism in muscle tissue

Question 43

What is the yellow colour in urine due to?

Answer 43

Urochrome, resulting from the body's destruction of haemoglobin

Question 44

Where are ureters located?

Answer 44

Runs behind the peritoneum from the renal hilum to the posterior aspect of the bladder

Question 45

Role of Ureters

Answer 45

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 46

How is urine propelled along the ureter

Answer 46

By peristalsis - an active process

Question 47

Urinary bladder

Answer 47

Smooth, collapsible muscular sac

Question 48

Role of the urinary bladder

Answer 48

Stores urine temporarily

Question 49

Where is the urinary bladder located?

Answer 49

Retroperitoneally in the pelvis

Question 50

Prostate location

Answer 50

Surrounds the neck of the bladder where it is empties into the urethra

Question 51

What is the bladder wall made up of?

Answer 51

3 layers of smooth muscle

Question 52

Micturition

Answer 52

Emptying of the bladder

Question 53

What is micturition controlled by?

Answer 53

2 sphincters

Question 54

How do kidneys keep blood composition relatively constant?

Answer 54

Exerting nitrogen-containing wastes Maintaining water and electrolytes balance of the blood Ensuring proper blood pH

Question 55

What prevents excessive water loss in urine?

Answer 55

Anti-diuretic hormone

Question 56

Main target of Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 56

Kidneys collecting ducts

Question 57

What causes water to move from one compartment to another

Answer 57

Very small changes in electrolyte concentrations in various fluid compartments

Question 58

Blood pH

Answer 58

7.4

Question 59

How can lungs dispose of carbonic acid?

Answer 59

Eliminating carbon dioxide

Question 60

What happens if blood pH rises?

Answer 60

Bicarbonate ions are excreted and hydrogen ions are retained by the tubule cells

Question 61

What happens if blood pH falls?

Answer 61

Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed and generated and hydrogen ions are excreted

Question 62

Urine pH

Answer 62

4.5-8.0

Question 63

Fundamental functions of renal excretion

Answer 63

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

Question 64

Kidney dialysis

Answer 64

The process of removing waste and excess fluid from the blood using an artificial kidney machine which filters or washes the blood