Integumentary System

Question 1

What does the integument include?

Answer 1

Body membranes

Skin

hair

Finernails

Sweat and Oil glands

Question 2

Purpose of the skin

Answer 2

The first barrier to keep good things such as water in, and bad things such a as harmful bacteria out

Question 3

How does the integumentary system work?

Answer 3

The skin has multiple layers that protect the body, help regulate body temp, and help excrete wastes via sweat

Question 4

How does the integumentary system work?

Answer 4

The skin has multiple layers that protect the body, help regulate body temp, and help excrete wastes via sweat

Question 5

Functions of Skin

Answer 5

Protection

Synthesises Vitamin D with UV

Homeostasis

Sensory reception

Question 6

4 Basic types of tissue

Answer 6

Epithelium

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Question 7

Cells in the dermis

Answer 7

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

Mast cells

WBCs

Question 8

Fibres types in the dermis

Answer 8

Collagen

Elastin

Reticular

Question 9

What does the dermis have a rich supply of?

Answer 9

Nerves and vessels

Question 10

What does the dermis play a critical role in?

Answer 10

Temperature regulation

Question 11

2 layers of the dermis

Answer 11

Papillary

Reticular

Question 12

Papillary layer of the dermis

Answer 12

Areolar connective tissue

Includes dermal papillae

Question 13

Reticular layer of the dermis

Answer 13

Network of collagen and reticular fibres

Question 14

Role of collagen

Answer 14

Strength and resilience

Question 15

Role of elastic fibres

Answer 15

Stretch-recoil

Question 16

Role of tension lines

Answer 16

The direction the bundles of fibres are directed

Question 17

Stratum corneum - cells

Answer 17

Cells are dead, flat membranous sacs with keratin

Question 18

What makes skin water-resistant?

Answer 18

Glycolipids in extracellular space

Question 19

Stratum granulosum - Cells

Answer 19

Cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating

Cytoplasm full of granules

Question 20

Stratum Spinosum - Cells

Answer 20

Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

Question 21

Stratum Basale - Cells

Answer 21

Stem cells are actively dividing

Some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

Question 22

3 Skin pigments

Answer 22

Melanin

Carotene

Haemoglobin

Question 23

Movement of melanin in granules

Answer 23

Passes from melanocytes to keratinocytes in stratum basale

Question 24

Where are skin appendages derived from?

Answer 24

Epidermis but extend into dermis

Question 25

What does skin appendages include?

Answer 25

Hair follicles Oil and sweat glands

Question 26

What are nails made of?

Answer 26

Hard keratin

Question 27

Where does the nail grow from?

Answer 27

Nail Matrix

Question 28

Where are hair and hair follicles derived from?

Answer 28

Epidermis and dermis

Question 29

Functions of hair

Answer 29

Warmth Sense light touch of skin Protection

Question 30

3 Types of Hair

Answer 30

Vellus Intermediate Terminal

Question 31

What causes white hair?

Answer 31

Decreased Melanine and air bubbles in the medulla

Question 32

How do oil glands produce sebum?

Answer 32

Holocrine Secretion

Question 33

What is sweat produced in response to?

Answer 33

Heat and stress

Question 34

Damaged by 1st degree burns

Answer 34

Epidermis

Question 35

Damage by 2nd degree burns

Answer 35

Epidermis and upper dermis

Question 36

Damage by 3rd degree burns

Answer 36

Full thickness: epidermis, dermis and often part of hypodermis

Question 37

Immunity - Anatomical Barriers

Answer 37

Skin Mucociliary escalator Flushing action of saliva, tears, urine

Question 38

Immunity - Chemical factors

Answer 38

Antimicrobial factors in sweat HCl in stomach lysozyme in tears/saliva

Question 39

Role of Monocytes

Answer 39

Migrate into the tissues and become macrophages

Question 40

Toll-like Receptors

Answer 40

Transmembrane protein, present on macrophages Conserved across vertebrates

Question 41

What do Toll-like receptors do?

Answer 41

Look out for and bind to microbes Trigger a cascade of events to kill or protect against pathogens

Question 42

Components of the innate response

Answer 42

Neutrophils Monocytes / macrophages NK cells TLRs

Question 43

Cytokines

Answer 43

Signalling molecules secreted by cells of the immune system and affect the behaviour of other cells

Question 44

When do neutrophils release cytokines?

Answer 44

When they encounter a pathogen

Question 45

When do macrophages release cytokines?

Answer 45

When they encounter a pathogen

Question 46

When do Toll-like Receptors release cytokines?

Answer 46

Upon binding to a microbe or components of a microbe

Question 47

When do NK cells release cytokines?

Answer 47

On encountering a microbe infected cell / tumor cell

Question 48

When do lymphocytes release cytokines?

Answer 48

When they are activated

Question 49

Interferons

Answer 49

Signalling proteins produced by virus infected Monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 50

Role of interferons

Answer 50

Warn the neighbouring cells a virus is around