Gilded Age 1877-1890 Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
what was the value of US manufactured goods by 1890
A
equalled the total of the value of Germany, Britain and France’s
2
Q
what was the annual growth rate of the American economy by the 1880s
A
3.8%
3
Q
how much had the GDP grown by the 1880s
A
it doubled
4
Q
how much was Cornelius Vanderbilt worth by 1862
A
$11 million
5
Q
what did the Vanderbilt fortune swell to in the period
A
$100 million
6
Q
how did Vanderbilt make his money
A
through steamboat operations initially, but then he ploughed his profits into the railroad boom
7
Q
when did vanderbilt die
A
1877
8
Q
how rich was Vanderbilt when he died
A
he was the richest man in America
9
Q
when did William Vanderbilt die
A
1885
10
Q
How rich was William Vanderbilt when he died
A
he was the richest man in the world
11
Q
how did Carnegie make his fortune
A
the development of the Bessemer converter
12
Q
how much did Carnegie sell his empire to J.P Morgan for and when
A
$480 million in 1900
13
Q
how did John D. Rockefeller make his money
A
in the oil industry - he bought out his competitors in Cleveland but kept it secret
14
Q
when did Rockefeller set up Standard Oil
A
1870 in Ohio
15
Q
how much of American oil production did Rockefeller control in the 1880s
A
85%
16
Q
what was Rockefeller’s fortune by 1889
A
$200 million
17
Q
who was the world’s first billionaire and when
A
Rockefeller in 1913
18
Q
who was JP Morgan
A
a financier and was the major force behind the creation of many large companies like US Steel Corporation
19
Q
what was the world’s first billion dollar corporation
A
US Steel Corporation
20
Q
when was JP Morgan and Co set up
A
1871
21
Q
who invented the light bulb
A
Thomas Edison
22
Q
when was the Edison Electric Company set up
A
1878
23
Q
who invented the telephone
A
Alexander Graham Bell
24
Q
when was the telephone patented
A
1876
25
when was the national railroad strike
1877
26
which railroads announced a pay cut, leading to the national strike
Baltimore and Ohio railroad
27
how many pay cuts had the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced by 1877
4 in 4 years
28
how many workers fought how many troops in Pittsburgh in the national railroad strike
5000 workers fought 650 federal troops
29
how many rail cars were damaged in the national strike
500
30
how many locomotives were damaged in the national strike
104
31
how many buildings were damaged in the national strike
39
32
how many were killed by federal troops in the railroad stike
25
33
what was the value of property damage caused by the national strike
$10 million
34
when was the Knights of Labour founded
1869
35
how many members did the Knights of labour have in 1885
over 100,000
36
which railroad tried to break a local union in 1885
Wabash Railroad
37
how many workers were united under the Knights of Labour in 1886, following the Wabash walk out
750,000
38
how much did membership of Knights of Labour shrink after the Haymarket bomb outrage
within a year, it had halved
within a decade, they were extinct
39
where and when was there a famous strike in Chicago
McCormick Harvester Works May 1886
40
which anarchists set up a meeting in Haymarket Square
Black International
41
when was Black International set up
1881
42
how many of the anarchists were arrested and executed, and when
7 arrested and executed in 1887
43
how many were wounded/killed in the Haymarket bomb outrage
1 policeman killed by the bomb
60 wounded by the bomb - 6 of whom later died
100 wounded and several killed by police firing into the crowd
44
who set up the American Federation of Labour
Samuel Gompers
45
what is the AFL
American Federation of Labour
46
when was the AFL set up
1885
47
how many members did the AFL have by 1892
over 250,000
48
when was Gompers elected president of the AFL and when did he serve until
1896 - served until death in 1924
49
how many immigrated to the US in this period
10 million
50
when was Where to Emigrate and Why published and by who
Americus in 1869
51
how many people did Minnesota claim it could support in 1878
5 million
52
why railroads distributed pamphlets on immigration
The Kansas pacific, Santa Fe, and Wisconsin Central
53
who was the European agent appointed by Santa Fe railroad
C.B Schmidt
54
when did C.B Schmidt visit Russia to promote immigration
1875
55
in which years were there more German immigrants arriving than any other ethnic group
all but 3 years between 1854 and 1894
56
how much did Jewish immigration increase in the period
from 5000 in 1880 to 90,000 in 1900
57
When was there a Japanese exodus
1885
58
when was the Taiping Rebellion
1884
59
men from which region were enticed by the lure of high wages on the railroads
Guangdong in China
60
how many chinese men in the US population in the 1870 census
63,000
61
how many Chinese men in the US by the 1880s
106,000
62
when was the Northern pacific railway completed
1883
63
when was the Southern pacific railway completed
1883
64
when was the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railways completed
1884
65
when was the Great Northern railway completed
1893
66
how much of the national total of railroad lines did the west account for in 1900
half
67
how much land did the federal government give to railroads in land grants
70 million hectares
68
how much did state governments financially advance to railroads
$200 million
69
how much did state governments give in land grants to the railroads
19 million hectares
70
how much did the sections of land along railroad tracks go for
twice the normal price of $1.25 an acre
71
what discount did government traffic get on railroads that had used the land grants
50%
72
how deep was some land in the west covered in swarms of locusts
15 cm
73
when was barbed wire invented
1873
74
who invented barbed wire
Joseph Glidden
75
how much did American production of wheat increase
211 million bushels in 1867 to 599 million bushels in 1900
76
how long did the department of labour calculate it would take to produce wheat in 1840 compared to 1900
in 1840, it took 35 hours to produce 15 bushels but in 1900 it took 15 hours to produce 15 bushels
77
how much did American wheat exports rise
6 million bushels in 1867 to 102 million in 1900
78
how much did corn prices fall
78 cents a bushel in 1867 to 31 cents in 1873
79
who was the populist candidate in 1892
James B. Weaver
80
how many votes did the populists win in the 1892 election
1 million
81
who was the governor of texas who drafted new land use policies for ranching
John Ireland
82
who devised the Chisholm Trail
Joseph McCoy
83
when was the Chisholm trail devised
1867
84
where did the Chisholm trail go
from southern Texas to Abilene, Kansas
85
how many cattle went north by The Long Drive
5.71 million between 1866 and 1885
86
who established the first meatpacking business in Chicago and who was he followed by
Philip D. Armour, followed by Gustavus Swift and Nelson Morris
87
when did Philip D. Armour establish his meatpacking business in Chicago
1868
88
who wrote The Jungle
Upton Sinclair
89
when was The Jungle written
1906
90
how many cowboys were on the plains
1865-1885 there were 40,000
91
how much were cowboys' wages
$25-30 a month
92
how long was the average working day for a cowboy
18 hours
93
when was the Beef Bonanza
early 1880s
94
who funded the Beef Bonanza
Eastern and European investors
95
how much grazing land did British companies own or control due to the Beef Bonanza
8 million hectares by 1883
96
what was one of the largest ranching companies
Swan Land and Cattle Company of Wyoming
97
how much cattle was on the huge area of land owned by the Swan Land and Cattle Company
100,000
98
when was the refrigerator carriage invented
1875
99
when were there 2 exceptionally severe winters in the west
between 1885 and 1887
100
how much cattle died due to harsh winters in the west 1885-1887
90%
101
where does the title The Gilded Age come from
a novel published by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley in 1873
102
which senators dominated politics through their control of the New York Custom House
Thurlow Weed and Roscoe Conkling
103
how many party workers did the NY Custom House have
1000
104
which metal importers bribed Roscoe Conkling
Phelps, Dodge, and Company
105
when did Phelps, Dodge and Co bribe Roscoe Conkling
1874
106
how much did the metal importers bribe Roscoe Conkling with
$50,000
107
when was Hayes president
1877-1880
108
when was Garfield president
1881
109
when was Arthur president
1881-1884
110
when was Cleveland president
1885-1888
111
when was Harrison president
1889-1892
112
what was the faction of the republican party led by Roscoe Conkling
Stalwarts
113
who did Hayes appoint as secretary of the interior
Carl Shurz
114
who was Hayes' secretary of state
William M. Evarts
115
who was the collector of the port of NY who refused to obey Hayes' order
Chester A. Arthur
116
who did Garfield submit to run the Custom House
Conkling's arch rival William H. Robertson
117
when was there congressional investigation into corruption in the Post Office Department
April 1880
118
what was the profiteering ring in the post office
millions of dollars were stolen using bogus mail contracts called 'star routes'
119
who did Garfield force the resignation of in the post office
one of the ringleaders of the star routes, Thomas J. Brady
120
when was Thomas J. brady indicted for conspiracy
1883
121
when was Garfield assassinated
1881
122
when was the Pendleton Act
1883
123
when was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed
1882
124
what immigration law did Arthur sign that was the first of its kind
one that excluded paupers, criminals, and the mentally ill from immigrating
125
when was the Tariff Act
1883
126
how much did the Tariff Act reduce tariffs by
1.47%
127
why was republican candidate James Blaine scorned in the 1884 election
corruption charges involving railroad interests and anti-Roman Catholic bias
128
why was Cleveland scorned in the 1884 election
he had allegedly fathered an illegitimate child
129
what was the name for the group of republicans who were unhappy with the high level of government corruption
Mugwumps
130
what were the Mugwumps called after they abandoned Blaine in the 1884 election campaign
goo-goos
131
what was Cleveland's margin of victory in 1884
25,000 votes and 37 electoral votes
132
what did Cleveland veto
hundreds of private pension bills for Civil War veterans
pensions for disabilities not caused by military service
133
what is an example of pork barrel politics
Texas Seed Bill
134
what did the Texas Seed Bill ask for
$10,000 from congress to purchase seed grain for farmers suffering drought in Texas
135
who was secretary of the navy
William H. Hunt
136
what did Hunt's commissioned report on the Navy find
out of 140 ships on the naval list only 42 were operational
137
when did Hunt begin campaigning for naval reform
1882
138
how many steamships dated from the civil war period
14 out of 17
139
who was the most famous advocate for naval expansion
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
140
what books did Mahan write and when
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1890
The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire 1892
141
from what date had the US been importing Hawaiian sugar duty free
1875
142
when did the senate agree to the renewed and expanded form of the 1875 treaty of friendship with Hawaii
1887
143
who negotiated the renewed and expanded treaty of friendship with Hawaii
Thomas F. Bayard
144
who was Garfield's secretary of state
James Blaine
145
when did Blaine advocate a Pan-American conference
1881
146
when was Blaine secretary of state a second time
under Harrison
147
how many countries attended the Pan-American conference
delegates from 18 countries
148
when and where was the Pan-American conference
Washington, October 1889
149
what organisation was set up as a result of the Pan-American conference
International Bureau of American Republics aka the Pan-American Union
150
who was the leading proponent of social darwinism
English Journalist Herbert Spencer
151
when did Herbert Spencer tour the US
1882
152
when did Carnegie publish The Gospel of Wealth
1889
153
what did Carnegie publish that explained his philosophy of philanthropy
The Gospel of Wealth
154
what was the name of Carnegie's philanthropic organisation
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
155
how much did Rockefeller give away to philanthropic pursuits
$550 million
156
when did the Bureau of Census announce the frontier was closed
1890
157
what was the name of the conference paper that launched the Turner Thesis
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
158
when was the Turner Thesis published
1893
159
when did Ida B. Wells start her campaign against discrimination
1884
160
how much of the labour force in manufacturing and mechanical industries was of foreign birth or parentage
56% in 1890
161
when was the Statue of Liberty unveiled
1886
162
what newspaper published derogatory comments about English workmen and when
The New York Herald Tribune in 1879
163
what did the New York Herald Tribune say of English workmen
they 'must change their habits if they are to make good in the United States'
164
which magazines contained a great number of ethnic jokes
Harper's and Atlantic Monthly
165
what was the name of the Jewish banker who experienced exclusion in New York
Joseph Seligman
166
what was Joseph Seligman excluded from and when
The Grand Union Hotel in Saratoga in 1877
167
where were skilled Belgian and British glass workers brought over to on contract for lower wages
Baltimore and Kent
168
when was Local Assembly 300 set up
1882
169
when was a bill passed which put a ban on foreign contract labour for unskilled workers
1885
170
when was the American Protective Association set up
1887
171
where was the American protective Association set up
Clinton Iowa
172
who set up the American Protective Association
lawyer Henry F. Bowers
173
by how much did America's black population increase between 1870 and 1900
almost doubled from 4.4 million in 1870 to 7.9 million in 1900
174
what proportion of black farmers owned their land by 1910
25%
175
by how much did the black population in the north and west increase
460,000 to over 910,000
176
when did the Jim Crow laws rapidly develop
between 1887 and 1891
177
how many states introduced formal segregation, and how many extended this to waiting room facilities
8 states, with 3 extending
178
what did the Supreme Court say in the 1880s which reinforced white supremacy
that they 'shared with other whites a fundamental perception of negroes as different'
179
what did the supreme court deny in 1883
the Civil Rights Case that an individuals' access to places of public accommodation deserved statutory protection against racial discrimination
180
when did the supreme court essentially confirm that public areas were not protected from racial discrimination
1883
181
how many states had civil rights legislation on their books by 1895
17
182
which states passed civil rights legislation in 1884
Ohio and New Jersey
183
which states had civil rights statutes in 1874
New York and Kansas
184
which state had civil rights statutes in 1865
Massachusetts
185
by what date had the south almost entirely eliminated the African American vote
1910
186
what newspaper began to publish statistics about lynching and when
The Chicago Tribune in the early 1880s
187
how many were lynched in the 1880s and 90s
2500 between 1882 and 1899
188
when did ida B. Wells attack the lynching fever
1892
189
which senator introduced an education bill to fund black and white schools in the south and when
Senator Henry W. Blair of New Hampshire in 1882
190
what did an Alabama minister complain about in 1891
'we must have coloured servants for there is no other labouring class'
191
when did an Alabama minister speak of the disruption to the class system that would be caused through civil rights for African Americans
1891
192
how much did the number of black students in schools increase by in the period
doubled between 1877 and 1887
193
what proportion of eligible black children were enrolled in school
2/5
194
how much land did native Americans hold in 1887
138 million acres
195
by what year were most Natives settled on reservations
1880
196
what Native American body did Hayes attempt to reform
Bureau of Indian Affairs
197
what organisation was sympathetic to Natives
Indian Rights Association
198
how much was being spent each year on boarding and day schools for native Americans
$2.5 million by 1899
199
how many boarding and day schools were there by 1899 for natives
148 boarding and 225 day schools for 20,000 children
200
when was the Dawes General Allotment Act
1887
201
who was the Dawes General Allotment Act named after
Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts
202
how much could each head of family receive under the Dawes Act
160 acres farmland or 320 acres grazing land
203
how much could each single adult male receive under the Dawes Act
80 acres
204
after how many years could Natives be granted citizenship if they adopted 'civilised' habits
25 years
205
when was there an amendment to the Dawes Act
1891
206
what did the amendment to the Dawes Act change
head of families no longer received 160 acres - 80 acres was awarded to each individual, regardless of status
207
when was the Wounded Knee Massacre
December 1890
208
how many were killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre
200
209
