Return to Normalcy 1920-1932 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
when was Harding president
A
1921-1922
2
Q
when was Coolidge president
A
1923-1928
3
Q
when was Hoover president
A
1929-1932
4
Q
who was the majorly influential treasury secretary
A
Andrew Mellon
5
Q
when was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff
A
1922
6
Q
what tax reductions did Mellon give to large scale industries and corporations
A
$3.5 billion
7
Q
what proportion of the nation’s wealth did the largest corporations control
A
largest 200 corporations possessed 20% of the nation’s wealth in 1929
8
Q
how many companies were controlled by Samuel Insull
A
111
9
Q
who had a vast empire based on electrical supply
A
Samuel Insull
10
Q
how many business schools by 1928
A
89 training 67,000 students
11
Q
who wrote a book on theories of business management
A
Frederick Taylor - The Principles of Scientific Management
12
Q
how many US homes had electricity
A
2/3 in 1927 compared to 16% in 1912
13
Q
how much did oil use increase
A
it doubled
14
Q
how much did gas use increase
A
it quadrupled
15
Q
how much did the average wage rise in the period of prosperity
A
8% between 1923 and 1929
16
Q
which brand had a popular advertising campaign encouraging women to smoke in public
A
Lucky Strike - ‘torches of freedom’
17
Q
what did the Kansas City Journal-Post write about advertising
A
‘advertising and mass production are the twin cylinders that keep the motor of modern business in motion’
18
Q
how much were companies spending on advertising
A
$3 billion annually by 1929 - 5x more than in 1914
19
Q
how many cinemas in the US
A
17,000 by 1928
20
Q
how many radio stations in the US
A
618 by 1929
21
Q
how big was the radio station audience
A
estimated 50 million in 1929
22
Q
how much of the goods sold in the 1920s were paid for by hire purchase
A
half
23
Q
how many cars on the road by the end of the 1920s
A
4.5 million
24
Q
when did Ford introduce the assembly line
A
1913
25
what was the rate of car production in the Ford Factory in Detroit
1 every 3 minutes in 1913 compared to 1 every 10 seconds in 1920
26
when did ford double his wages
1914
27
what did Ford double wages to
$5 a day
28
how much did a Model T Ford cost
$850 in 1914, down to $295 by 1926
29
how many jobs were provided by the car industry
5 million
30
how much did the production of automobiles rise by
1.9 million in 1920 to 4.5 million in 1929
31
how much did the number of truck registrations increase
less than 1 million in 1919 to 3.5 million in 1929
32
how many gallons of petrol were used in 1919
15 billion
33
when was the Federal Highway Act
1921
34
what was the rate of highway construction
10,000 miles a year by 1929
35
how many modern roads were unfit for use due to traffic wearing
25-50% in 1936
36
what quote demonstrates how many people were involved in trading shares
'even the shoeshine boy'
37
how many shares were traded in the mid 1920s
451 million in 1926, increasing to 577 million in 1927
38
how many shares sold in 1929
1.1 billion
39
how many Americans became involved in the stock market towards the end of the 1920s
25 million
40
how many American families had an income of less than $2000
50%
41
what was the minimum income needed to survive
$2000
42
who conned thousands of people into investing in ventures
Charles Ponzi
43
what did Charles Ponzi promise
50% profit within 90 days
44
what was the increase in the population of Florida due to the land boom
970,000 to 1.2 million between 1920 and 1925
45
how many were killed and made homeless by hurricanes during the Florida land boom
400 killed and 50,000 homeless
46
how much did prices rise in the farming industry due to WW1
as high as 25%
47
what did the price of wheat drop to after WW1
$2.50 a bushel to $1
48
how many Us farmers were living in poverty
1/2 in 1928
49
how many banks in the US in the 1920s
over 30,000
50
what did the federal reserve board lower interest rates to
from 4% to 3.5% in 1927
51
what was the market value of stocks
$27 billion in 1925 but $87 billion in Oct 1929
52
how many shareholders in the US by 1929
20 million
53
what proportion of the purchase price of shares was borrowed
75%
54
when did experts start to sell their shares
autumn 1929
55
who was a notable example of someone who had made a lot of money in stocks but was selling them in 1929
Bernard Baruch
56
how many shares were sold on Black Thursday
13 million
57
how many shares were sold on Black Tuesday
16.5 million
58
when was Black Tuesday
29th Oct 1929
59
who committed suicide off a New York Hotel
President of Union Cigar
60
why did the President of Union Cigar jump off the ledge of a New York Hotel
stock in his company fell from $113.50 to $4 in one day
61
what was unemployment in the depression
16 million
62
how many were unemployed in Toledo during the depression
80%
63
how many were unemployed in the state of NY during the depression
1 million
64
how much more prevalent was unemployment amongst African Americans
4-6x
65
what did the growth rate of the economy fall to in the depression
from 6.7% in 1929 to -14.7% in 1932
66
how much did iron and steel production fall by in the depression
59%
67
how many watched the football match between Illinois and Michigan in the Memorial Stadium
67,000 in 1924
68
how many watched the boxing match between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney
145,000 in 1926
69
when was the Negro National Baseball league formed
1920
70
what were the crowds at the East-West All Star game
30,000
71
when was the first national radio network set up
NBC in 1926
72
how much of all money spent on furniture was spent on radios
33% in 1927
73
how many American families purchased a radio
60% between 1923 and 1930
74
what did radio sales increase to
$60 million in 1923 to $842 million in 1929
75
when did Pepsodent begin to sponsor Amos n Andy on NBC
August 1929
76
how many people in cinemas in any one day
10 million people in 20,000 cinemas
77
when was the first sound film and what was it called
The Jazz Singer 1927
78
when did the Ladies Home Journal publish an article on Jazz and what was it titled
1921 - Does Jazz put the Sin in Syncopation?
79
which groups lobbied for prohibition
Women's Temperance Association and the Anti-Saloon League
80
how many states limited the sale of alcohol before prohibition
26
81
what was the nickname for beer in WW1
Kaiser's brew
82
when was the 18th amendment
Jan 1919
83
what act ratified the 18th amendment
The Volstead Act
84
how many speakeasies in NY
30,000
85
how much alcohol did agents successfully intercept from coming into the country
5% in 1925
86
how many agents did the Internal Revenue Service have
never more than 2500
87
how many prohibition agents were fined for corruption
10% between 1920 and 1930
88
when did Al Smith advocate the abolition of prohibition
1928
89
what committee did Hoover set up to investigate prohibition
the Wickersham Commission
90
when was prohibition abolished
1933
91
how much did deaths from alcoholism decrease
80% by 1921
92
how much did male deaths from liver cirrhosis fall to
29.5 per 100,000 in 1911 to 10.7 per 100,000 in 1929
93
how many died from poisoned alcohol
50,000
94
how many gang murders in Chicago
227 between 1927 and 1930
95
how many breweries did St Louis have before and after prohbition
22 before - only 9 reopened
96
how much had Al Capone made from illegal business when he was arrested in 1932
$70 million
97
when was the St Valentine's Day massacre
14th Feb 1929
98
when was the Monkey Trial
1925
99
how many states banned the teaching of evolution in schools
6
100
who decided to challenge the banning of teaching evolution in schools
John Scopes
101
what proportion of the workforce was out of work by 1933
1/3
102
what was the name for shanty towns of homeless people
Hoovervilles
103
how many homeless in 1932
2 million
104
when was there a major drought
1931
105
how many hectares of land were affected by dust storms and what was the nickname for this land
20 million hectares - the dust bowl
106
how many were forced to leave their homes in the dust bowl
over 1 million
107
what act did Harding pass which gave federal aid to build infant and maternity health centres
the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act
108
what act made departments present budgets for presidential approval
the Budget and Accounting Act
109
how much was government spending reduced under Harding
from $5000 million in 1920 to $3333 million by 1922
110
how many public extramarital affairs did Harding have
2
111
when did it emerge there had been corruption in Harding's administration
1923 with the appointment of his Ohio Gang cronies
112
what scandal was in the veterans' bureau under Harding
Head of the Veterans' Bureau misappropriated $250 million
113
who had accepted bribes in a scandal under Harding
Alien Property Custodian
114
who was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal
secretary of the interior Albert Bacon Fall
115
when was the Teapot Dome scandal
April 1922
116
what did Fall do in the Teapot Dome scandal
grant Henry Sinclair of Mammoth Oil the exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome reserves in Wyoming
117
what book did Hoover write
American Individualism in 1922
118
what nickname was given to the newspapers used by the homeless as blankets
Hoover blankets
119
when was the Agricultural Marketing Act
1930
120
when was the Grain Stabilisation Corporation set up
1930
121
when was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
1930
122
how much did Hoover given to help various agencies provide relief
$500 million in 1932
123
when was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Jan 1932
124
how much did the RFC lend to rescue companies
$2 billion
125
when was the Emergency Relief Act
July 1932
126
how much did the emergency relief act give to state govs to help the unemployed
$300 million
127
when was the Home Loan Bank Act
1932
128
how many banks were set up by the home loan bank act and what was their fund
12 regional banks with a fund of $12 million
129
how many were part of the Bonus Expeditionary force
12,000
130
how much would it have cost to pay the veterans' bonuses
$3.2 million
131
how many marchers refused to leave Washington DC in the bonus marches
5000
132
how many were injured in the bonus marches
100 injured and 1 baby died of tear gas poisoning
133
when did the fear of communism grow
after the bolshevik revolution in Russia in October 1917
134
when was the Washington Disarmament COnference
November 1921
135
what treaty did the US want to prevent the renewal of at the Washington conference
the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1922
136
who was in control of foreign affairs under Harding
Charles Evans Hughes
137
what was the ratio of tonnage for battleships agreed on at the Washington Conference
5 US and Britain : 3 Japan : 1.75 Italy and France
138
what was the Four Power Treaty
Britain, US, Italy, and France agreed to respect each other's interests in the Far East and maintain Open Door policy in China
139
when was the Kellogg-Brian Pact
1928
140
what was a peace society in the 1920s
World Peace Association
141
how many signed the Kellogg-Brian pact
15 countries
142
what was the outcome of the vote on the Kellogg Briand pact
congress ratified the pact with 85 votes to 1
143
when was the Dawes Plan
1924
144
who published a report commissioned by the Allied Reparations Committee which proposed an fixed instalment plan for German reparations
American banker Charles G. Dawes
145
what did the Dawes plan reduce German payments to
$250 million a year, increasing over the next 5 years as German economy recovered
146
what did the Dawes plan give Germany
an immediate loan of 800 million marks - half from American bankers
147
when was the Young plan
1929
148
who drew up the Young plan
Owen Young, head of the General Electric Company
149
what did the Young plan do to German reparations
scaled them down to $26 billion,to be paid over 59 years
150
what happened to investment in Latin America in the period
doubled between 1924 and 1929 from $1.5 billion to $3 billion
151
which Latin American countries did General Motors manufacture vehicles in
Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay
152
when did General Electric set up the American and Foreign Power Company
1923
153
how many Latin American countries did the American and Foreign Power Company control the provision of electricity in
8
154
which economist was hired by the state department to develop plans for Latin American countries
Edwin Kemmerer
155
when did the Mexican government agree to repay debt after disputes over international debt and how much did they pay
1922, $500,000
156
what accords provided compensation for damage caused to foreign property in the Mexican revolution
Bucareli Accords
157
when were the Bucareli Accords signed
1923
158
which US diplomat organised the treaty with Nicaragua
Henry Stimson
159
what was the treaty with Nicaragua called
Treaty of Tipitapa
160
what did the Treaty of Tipitapa lead to
the election of Juan Bautista Sacasa in 1928
161
what term was used by republican presidents that described the belief that people achieved success through their own hard work
rugged individualism
162
how many women helped with the WW1 effort
1 million
163
how many women served in the US navy and marine corps in Europe as clerks, electricians, chemists, accountants, and nurses
90,000
164
when was the 19th amendment passed
1920
165
what did the 19th amendment do
give women the right to vote
166
which silent movie stars set up their own film company
Clara Bow and Mary Pickford
167
how many more women were employed in 1930 compared to 1920
2 million more
168
how many university professors were women compared to the number of university degrees awarded to women
1/3 of all degrees were awarded to women in 1930 but only 4% uni professors were women
169
how many places were allocated to women in medical schools
5%
170
when did the government side with employers rather than the female strikers in a Tennessee textile plant
1927
171
how became the first woman to be elected governor of a state and when
Nelly Taylor Ross of Wyoming in 1924
172
who became the first female mayor of a city and when
Bertha Knight of Seattle in 1926
173
who was an advocate for female contraceptives and reproductive health
Margret Sanger
174
which act had banned the distribution of both written articles and items of contraception in the US mail
1873 Comstock Act
175
when did Margret Sanger set up the American Birth Control League
1921
176
which group heavily criticised flappers
The Anti Flirt League
177
when was the Literacy Act introduced
1917
178
when was the Immigration Quota Act
1921
179
what was the outcome of the immigration quota act
new immigrants were allowed in as a proportion of the people of the same nationality who had been in America in 1910 - this was 3% each year
180
when was the National Origins Act
1924
181
what did the national origins act change about the immigration quota act
it reduced the proportion to 2% and used data instead from the 1890 census
182
when was the Immigration Act
1929
183
what did the Immigration Act reduce immigration do
150,000 a year
184
when was the Sacco and Vanzetti trial
May 1921
185
when were Sacco and Vanzetti executed
August 1927
186
who granted Sacco and Vanzetti a formal pardon
Governor of Massachusetts in 1970
187
when was Birth of a Nation released
1915
188
when did the KKK make a reappearance
1910s and 1920s
189
who founded the new Klan
Atlanta Methodist preacher William Simmons
190
who was the leader of the KKK
dentist Hiram Evans who was the Imperial Wizard
191
how did membership of the KKK grow
100,000 members in 1920 to 5 million members in 1925
192
which states had governors who were members of the KKK
Oregon and Oklahoma
193
who was run out of town after being accused of being a foreigner (his parents were Greek)
Chris Lochan in 1921
194
when did the KKK decline
1925 - Grand Wizard was convicted of sexually motivated murder
195
