MSU-CVM Histology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

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1
Q

GI system

A
  • lips to anus (external)
  • multiple associated structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, LN)
  • ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
  • immune surveillance/barrier
  • great species variation*
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2
Q

Gross layout

A
  • mouth (oropharynx)
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • intestine
  • rectum
  • anus (cloaca)
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3
Q

Microscopic layout

A
  • mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia (serosa)
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4
Q

What is found in the muscularis mucosa?

A

Small band of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is found in the submucosa?

A

Loose areolar CT where blood vessels travel

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6
Q

Mucosa

A

Stratified squamous lines the mouth and esophagus (rumen, reticulum, and omasum)

  • changes to simple columnar deeper in the GIT
  • lamina propria: accumulation of lymphocytes below the epithelial layer and BM
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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Varies in thickness

- thin up high and thicker in the lower intestine

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8
Q

Muscularis

A

Varies, have skeletal muscle in the esophagus and smooth muscle lower in the GIT

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9
Q

Serosa

A

Present as peritoneum in the abdomen

- adhered to other connective tissue in the cervical and mediastinum

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10
Q

Oral cavity

A
  • lips (mucocutaneous junction)
  • tongue: stratified squamous epithelium, skeletal muscle
  • teeth
  • tonsils: caudal portion of oropharynx
  • salivary glands
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11
Q

Tongue

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium (papillae and taste buds)
  • voluntary striated muscle
  • sublingual glands: produce saliva
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12
Q

Teeth

A 
Crown: visible portion
- enamel: outermost surface, only on the crown
- dentin: dense CT
- pulp: extends from crown to root
Root
- cementum
- dentin
- pulp
- central canal/nerve
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13
Q

Tonsils

A
  • location: palantine (swine), sublingual
  • epithelium: crypts
  • lymphoid nodules: vary with degree of antigen stimulation
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14
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • add moisture/ emulsify
  • begin digestion (CH2O)
  • buffer, minerals
  • antimicrobial
  • major glands: parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic
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15
Q

Salivary gland components

A
  • paired
  • epithelial lined: lobules, acinus (-i), myoepithelium (characteristics of muscle, but is epithelium)
  • ducts
  • secretions: serous (water/protein), mucous, mixed (water and mucous based secretions)
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16
Q

Acini

A

Clusters of glands, separated by fine connective tissue

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17
Q

Mucous is ______

A

Proteinaceous, stains pink

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18
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

Exocrine!

- secrete product into a duct before it reaches the target area

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19
Q

Esophagus

A 
Muscular conduit
- oropharynx to stomach
- cervical
- thoracic (extends to stomach)
Stratified squamous epithelium
- some submucosal glands
Smooth and voluntary muscle
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20
Q

Adventitia of the esophagus

A

Does not have a discrete adventitia in the cervical region –> is attached to CT of trachea and cervical muscles
Does have an adventitia in the thoracic cavity and out into the abdomen

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21
Q

What are the 3 organs that cross the diaphragm

A
  • aorta
  • vena cava
  • esophagus
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22
Q

Avian anatomy

A

Crop: esophagus
- stratified squamous, place for food storage, prone to infection
Proventriculus: chemical stomach
Gizzard: chew/grind food after it is treated with HCl

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23
Q

Monogastric stomach

A
  • cardiac
  • fundic
  • pyloric
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24
Q

Ruminants

A
  • rumen (paunch)
  • reticulum (honeycomb)
  • omasum (plies) - toward the right side of the animal
  • abomasum (true/chemical stomach) - toward the right side
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25
Rumen, reticulum, omasum
``` Stratified sqamous epithelium - many commensals - mostly fermentation - reducing environmnet - some absorption Omasum - water absorption ```
26
If you sterilize the rumen, then the cow cannot digest _____
Cellulose
27
Abomasum/stomach
- longitudinal folds (rugae) - columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells producing mucus and gastric pits - regions: cardiac, fundus, pyloric
28
What are the mucus secreting regions of the stomach?
Pyloric and fundus
29
Cardiac and pyloric region
Mostly mucus
30
Torus pyloricus
Structure found only in pigs | - tumor like area near the pylorus
31
Fundic region
Majority of stomach | Glandular secretions
32
Gastric glands
- simple branched tubular glands - mucus (goblets) - pepsin from chief cells (deeper in gland) and zymogen granules - HCl from parietal cells - intrinsic factor (glycoprotein) from parietal cells - enteroendocrine secretions into the LP
33
Small intestine
- principal site digestion/absorption (species variation) - 3 major portions: duodenum (medium), jejunum (long), and ileum (short) - mesentary: support and contains vessels (incl. lymph nodes)
34
Small intestinal mucosa
``` Villus - finger-like projections - crypts - shorter/lower Columnar epithelium - microvilli Lacteal (most prominent in the jejunum) Lamina propria ```
35
SI microscopic anatomy
- mucosa: columnar epithelium with brush border (microvilli on top of villi) - submucosa: glands, loose areolar CT - muscularis - serosa: simple squamous on CT base
36
Muscularis
Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer - contracts, allows for peristalsis
37
SI cell types
- enterocytes: enzymes, H2O, absorption, tight junctions, brush border - goblet cells - paneth cells - enteroendocrine cells - M cells
38
Microscopic features
Lamina propria/submucosa - submucosal glands in the duodenum - submucosal plexus - myenteric plexus - GALT: dome sites and M cells
39
Villous length
Duodenum: tall villi, deep crypts Jejeunum: middle, middle, middle Ileum: short villi, shallow crypts, MALT
40
Ileum has ________ attachment
Antimesenteric
41
Large intestine/cecum
- species variation (hind gut fermenter) - mostly straight tubular crypts - no villi - many goblets - no paneth cells - lymphoid tissue
42
If there is no villi, then you are in the _____ or _____
Stomach; large intestine
43
Large intestine/cecum functions
- more lymphoid tissue (GALT) - absorption (water, nutrients) - elimination - mucocutaneous junction
44
Pancreas
Exocrine (duct) - digestive enzymes: acini, proteases, lipases Endocrine (ductless) - metabolic hormones: islets, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
45
Exocrine portion of the pancreas
``` Serous gland Zymogen granules - trypsinogen - chymotrypsinogen - proteases, peptidases - lipases - amylolytic enzymes - nucleolytic enzymes Bicarbonate (ductules) Neural and hormonal control ```
46
Acinus
"clusters of grapes" - lined by simple cuboidal that dump contents into duct that ends up in the small intestine - serous gland: product is water and mostly proteinaceous
47
Endocrine portion of pancreas
- islets | - mostly blood glucose control: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
48
Liver
Largest gland in the body Metabolism Bile production: gall bladder for storage (digestion)
49
Liver metabolism
- carbohydrates - lipids - protein production (serum) - protein catabolism (NH3) - vitamins, minerals - toxins, pharmaceuticals
50
Liver gross
- anterior abdomen - lobes - dual blood supply - -> hepatic artery (25%) - -> portal vein: GI, pancreas, spleen drainage (75%)
51
Liver histologic
``` Constituents - parenchyma - CT stroma - vessels - perisinusoidal spaces Lobules - classic (functional) - portal (exocrine) - acinar ```
52
Portal triads
Surround central veins
53
What are the 3 structures within a portal triad
- hepatic artery - portal vein - bile duct
54
Hepatocytes
``` Cuboidal Anastomosing plates/cords High metabolic activity - mitochondria - ER (rough, smooth) - golgi - lipid droplets - glycogen ```
55
Other cells of the liver
- discontinuous endothelium - kupffer cells - stellate cells
56
Bile ducts are lined by ____
Cuboidal epithelium
57
Bile canaliculi
Tiny white spots between adjacent hepatocytes
58
Liver blood flow
Portal triad - hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct Sinusoids: incomplete endothelium Central vein
59
Biliary tree
- bile canaliculus - bile flow opposite blood flow - ductules --> bile ducts
60
Gall Bladder
- species variation - stores/concentrates bile - high cuboidal epithelium --> tight junctions, irregular microvilli - no muscularis mucosa/submucosa - smooth muscle - serosa (visceral peritoneum
61
What animals do not have a gall bladder?
Killer whales, white tailed deer, rats, and horses
MSU-CVM Histology
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