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Anatomy And Physiology II > Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Glands and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are androgens?

A

Small variety of sex hormones that don’t have a big effect on males. In females they help produce some estrogen when follicles of the ovaries arn’t producing much.

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2
Q

What is the adrenal medulla and what does it do?

A

The center of an adrenal gland, it uses Chromofin cells to produce hormones.

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3
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinefrine and norepinefrine

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4
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

To much coritsol being pushed into the blood stream. It is typically found in older dogs.

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5
Q

what are symptoms of cushing’s disease?

A

Rounded abdomen, bi-lateral hair loss on the flanks and somtimes hyper pigmentation

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6
Q

What is addisons disease?

A

To little production of cortizol, typically in young dogs, esp. poodles.

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7
Q

What are some symptoms of addisons disease?

A

Spike in potassium (normally 3.6, spikes to 7-8)

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8
Q

What is the function of the Thymus Gland?

A

Produce a limited amount of T-cells to release into the body

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9
Q

Is the dog older or younger if there is less thymus gland tissue?

A

older

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10
Q

What is the function Prostoglandins? (aka tissue hormones)

A

play an important role in inflammation and reduction of fever.

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11
Q

what is the function of Pg-E?

A

Inflammatory

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12
Q

What is the function of Pg-F2-Alpha?

A

Prostoglandins that destroys corpus lutem.

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13
Q

What is Corpus Lutem?

A

It suppresses progesterone

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14
Q

What is Progesterone?

A

Maintains pregnancy

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15
Q

What does epinefrine do?

A

Increases the cardiac rate
increases blood flow to the muscle tissue
decreases blood flow to the skin
dialates bronchioles
decreases gastric and intestinal motility

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16
Q

What does norepinefrine do?

A 
Slows the heart rate
decreases blood flow to muscle tissue
increases blood flow to the skin
constricts bronchioles
increases gastric and intestinal motility
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17
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory Nerve Function
  2. Integration
  3. motor response
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18
Q

What is the sensory nerve function responsible for?

A
  • Detection

- Afferent Nerve tissue

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19
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

peripheral nerves carrying a nerve impules to the CNS

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20
Q

What is integration responsible for?

A

Analyzing, storage, decision making process and it is strictly done with the brain

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21
Q

What is the motor response?

A

response to integration

carries info away from the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

what are efferent nerves?

A

peripheral nerves that send nerve impulses away from the brain

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23
Q

95% if the causes for hypothyroidism is because if what?

A

Atrophy of the thyroid gland

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24
Q

5% of the causes of hypothyroidism is because of what?

A

Lack if TSH from the pituitary gland

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25
What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism? (5)
``` Overweight Dull or lacking hair coat Cold temp Lethargic/hard to maintain body weight Bradiocardic ```
26
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (6)
``` Extreme weight loss Extreme hunger Dull oily or thin hair coat Warm temp Tachycardia Opaque Shelly nails ```
27
How many parathyroid glands do dogs and cats have?
4
28
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
Helps keep calcium from getting to low in the body by producing PTH
29
What are three ways the parathyroid hormone controls Calcium levels?
1. Stimulates osteoclasts 2. Makes kidneys excrete less CA in urine 3. Makes small intestine absorb more CA
30
The pancrease is __% digestive and __% endocrine?
99% and 1-2%
31
What are four types of pancreatic cells?
1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Delta 4. f-cells
32
What do alpha cells produce? And what is their function?
Produce glucagon, transported into the blood stream and used for glucose cells or stored in the liver
33
What do beta cells produce and why?
Produce insulin, a molecule that helps move glucose into the body cells
34
What so delta cells produce and why?
Produce somatosin inhibiting the production of insulin and glucogon
35
What do F cells produce and why?
Produce somatosin inhibitor
36
What percentage of the pancreatic islet is alpha, beta, and delta cells?
Alpha: 15% Beta: 80% Delta: 5%
37
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa Zone fasciculata Zona reticularis
38
What is the function of the zone glomerulosa?
Produces 95% of aldosterone in body.
39
What does aldosterone do?
Travels to kidney tissue and plays a big role in controlling BP
40
What is the function if the zone fasciculata? (6)
``` Proton breakdown Steroids Lipolysis Stress reduction Formation of glucose Anti inflammatory process ```
41
What are the three steroids produced by the zonal fasciculata?
1. Glucorticoids 2. Cortisol 3. Hydrocortizone.
42
Name the four systems we are studying
1. Endocrine 2. Nervous 3. Urinary 4. Reproductive
43
What does the surface of the gland tissue normally look like?
Bumpy and rough
44
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Produces hormones that help maintain homeostasis
45
What are the 2 basic types of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine glands
46
What is the function of the endocrine glands?
Brings hormones directly through bloodstream without ducts
47
What do exocrine glands do?
Produce substances that travel through ducts
48
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers, a molecular solution released into the bloodstream. They have various binding qualities
49
What are the three binding qualities of the target tissues or cells?
1. Shape 2. Chemical reaction 3. Surface texture
50
What is the zona reticularis and what does it produce?
The inner most zone and produces small amount of androgens
51
What percent of the endocrine system are negative and positive feedback loops?
95% and 10%
52
What is a negative feedback loop?
System acting upon a deficit in the body
53
What is a positive feedback loop?
System acting upon a need for something extra
54
What are the eight major endocrine glands?
1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Parathyroid gland 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancrease 7. Pineal gland 8. Gonads
55
What is the hypothalamus?
True master gland, directly controls the pituitary and indirectly controls everything's else
56
What type of cells is the hypothalamus made of?
Neurosecretory cells
57
What are the four types of hormones Neurosecretory cells produce?
1. Releasing hormones 2. Inhibiting hormones 3. ADH 4 oxytocin
58
What are releasing hormones?
Travel to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate it to release 7 other hormones
59
What are inhibiting hormones?
they travel to the anterior pituitary gland to make it stop producing releasing hormones
60
What are Antidiuretic Hormones? (ADH)
They travel to the posterior pituitary gland and store there until needed by the kidneys
61
What is Oxytocin?
A hormone that travels to the posterior pituitary gland and sits there
62
What are the 7 hormones the anterior pituitary gland produces? (LGTFPAM)
``` Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Follicular Stimulating Hormone Lueteinizing Hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Melanocute Stimulating Hormone ```
63
What does the growth hormone do?
promotes growth during early years and regulates amount of insulin in blood stream and metabolism.
69
How does Somatosin regulate metabolism?
Anabolism and catabolism
70
What is anabolism
Process in which protiens are built and carbs and lipids are aynthesized
71
What is catabolism?
Breakdown of protiens lipids and carbs
72
What are the 3 structures of HTHP tract?
Axon terminal, primary plexus, secondary plexus
73
What is the axon terminal?
Extensions of Neurosecretory cells from hypothalamus and pituitary gland
74
What is the primary plexus?
Network of blood capillaries that surround hypothalamus
75
What is the secondary plexus?
Network of capillaries that surround pituitary gland
76
What is anther name for the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
77
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Make or store hormones
78
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland and what are they AKA?
Anterior Pituitary aka adenohypophysis and posterior pituitary aka neurophysis
79
What does the thyroid stimulating growth hormone do?
Travels to the thyroid gland and contributes to growth of the gland and stimulates thyroid to release hormones
80
What does the follicular stimulators hormone do?
Travels to ovaries stimulating ovarian follicles to release hormones
81
What are the luteinizing hormone do?
Travels to the ovarian tissue stimulating ovarian follicles breaking them down that triggers the release of progesterone.
82
What does prolactin do?
Goes to mammary tissue and helps stimulate and maintain lactation cycle
83
What does andrenocorticotropic hormone do?
Travels to the adrenal gland to stimulate them to release hormone
84
What does the melanocytes stimulating hormone do?
Gives skin color
85
What gives animals the reflective element in their eyes?
Tapetum lucedum made with irridophores
86
What does the pineal gland control?
Mood, sleep, and wake cycle
87
Where is the pineal gland located?
Between 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
88
What hormones do the pineal gland produce? (2)
Melatonin and Seratonin
89
What does the thyroid gland do?
Produces hormones which have a valor genie effect on the body and effects metabolism
90
What do follicular cells produce?
Thyroglobulin (protein)
91
What do follicular cells trap?
Iodine?
92
What do para follicular cells produce?
Calcitonin
93
What does calcitonin do?
Slows down osteoclasts
94
What are the 2 hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine (t4) | Triiodothyronine (t3)
95
What is the only hormone effective on the cells if the body?
Triiodothyronine (t3)
96
What percent of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is produced in the thyroid gland?
80% t4 thyroxine | 20% t3 triiodothyronine

Anatomy And Physiology II (6 decks)

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