The Nervous System Flashcards
(140 cards)
0
Q
What is integration?
A
Processing of stimulation, decision, thought, reaction
1
Q
What does the CNS control?
A
Brain and spinal nerves and integration
2
Q
What does the peripheral nervous system control?
A
Cranial and spinal nerves, sensory and motor function.
3
Q
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
A
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
4
Q
What is the somatic nervous system?
A
Deals with the voluntary nerve tissue (mostly skeletal)
5
Q
What does the autonomic nervous system deal with?
A
Involuntary nerve tissue
6
Q
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
7
Q
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
A
Controls epinephrine release, involuntary stimulation of the body, and flight or fight response
8
Q
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
A
Controls norepinephrine , stimulates relaxation of body
9
Q
What does epinefrine do? (5)
A
Increases cardiac rate Increases blood flow to muscle tissue Decreases blood flow to skin Decreases motility Dilates bronchioles
10
Q
What does norepinephrine do?
A
Decreases heart rate Decreases blood flow to muscle tissue Increases blood flow to the skin Increases gastric motility Constricts bronchiols
11
Q
What are the three main aspects of the nervous system?
A
Sensory nerve function, integration, motor responses
12
Q
What are afterwards nerves?
A
Peripheral nerves that send impulse to CNS
13
Q
What are efferent nerves?
A
Peripheral nerves that send impulse away from CNS
14
Q
What are the two types of nervous tissue?
A
Neurons and neuroglial cells
15
Q
What are the two parts of a neuron?
A
Soma, dendrites, and axon.
16
Q
What does the soma lack?
A
Centrioles
17
Q
What cells have well defined cell bodies?
A
Brain and spinal cells
18
Q
What are the six parts of an axon?
A
Axolemma, axon collateral, axon terminal, synaptic knobs, synapse, NA/K pump.
19
Q
What is the axolemma?
A
Membrane of the axon with the pump
20
Q
What is the axon collateral?
A
Branch off of axon
21
Q
What is the axon terminal?
A
End of the neuron
22
Q
What are the synaptic knobs?
A
Little knobs at the end of the branches
23
Q
What is the synapse?
A
Space between two nerves
24
What is hypokalemia?
Low in potassium
25
What is a normal potassium level?
3.7
26
What is an abnormal low potassium level?
1.2
27
What are two types of neuroglial cells?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
28
What are oligodendrocytes?
Located in CNS and contain a small amount of myelin causing them to be gray matter. They have slower action
29
What are Schwann cells?
Located in PNS and have think layer of myelin making them white mater and fast action.
30
What are the nodes of ranvier?
Gaps between the oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells.
31
What does saltatory mean?
To leap
32
What is synaptic transmission?
Successful communication between 2 adjacent nerves or a nerve and another tissue
33
What are neurotransmitters?
Ions, hormones, amino acids, enzymes released due to nerve impulse from presynaptic knobs
34
What are the two kinda of neuro transmitters?
Excitatory and inhibitory
35
What are the three basic stages of nerve stimulation?
Resting phase, depolarization, repolarization.
36
What is the resting phase?
Resting action potential, nerve is ready to fire, equal NA on outside, K on inside.
37
What is depolarization?
Firing of nerve, NA goes inside, K goes outside causing it to not be polar
38
What is repolarization?
Occurs immediately after depolarization, pump created nerve to be polarized pushing NA inside and K outside.
39
What is the threshold?
Where the stimuli must reach to fire nerve
40
What is the refractory period?
Time it takes for nerve to get ready to fire again
41
What does the dorsal cavity contain?
Brain and spinal cord and lined with meninges
42
What are the 3 layer of the dorsal cavity?
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
43
What are the four parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem.
44
What are gyri?
Raise portions of the cerebrum
45
What are the sulci?
Grooves of the cerebrum.
46
What divided the cerebrum into left and right hemespheres?
Longitudinal fissure
47
What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
48
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
49
What are the commissural tracts?
Communication between the R and L cerebrum known and hemispheric lateralization.
50
The gyri of the left cerebrum sends impulses where?
To the right side of the brain
51
What are the 3 groups of commissural tracts?
Corpus collosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure.
52
How many ventricles of the brain are there?
4
53
Where are the ventricles 1 and 2 located?
Inside corpus collosum
54
Where is ventricle 3 located?
Below corpus collosum
55
Where is ventricle 4 located?
Anterior to cerebellum, posterior to pons of midbrain
56
What do all ventricles of the brain contain?
Choroid plexus
57
What is the choroid plexus?
Specialized tissue cells that produce CsF
58
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
Pathway for CSF to move through brain and around spinal chord
59
Which side of the cerebrum is bigger?
Temporal region of L hemesphere
60
What does the L cerebral hemisphere control?
Language, numerics, science, reason
61
What does the R cerebral hemisphere control?
Music, art, facial recognition, emotional content of language, generates mental stimulate from five senses.
62
What 4 structures does the diencephalon contain?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, sub thalamus
63
What does the thalamus do?
Plays a role in coordinating nerve impulses between the brain and spinal cord
64
What does the hypothalamus
| Do?
Controls pituitary gland
65
What does the epithalamus do?
Contains the pineal gland
66
What does the sub thalamus do?
Works with cerebellum to help control body movement/coordination
67
What is the limbic system?
Tissue that surrounds the diencephalon and plays a big role in emotion
68
What emotions does the limbic system control?
Emotional pain, affection, anger, sadness, docility/temperment
69
Where is the cerebellum located?
Dorsal/ventral to the cerebrum
70
What supports the cerebelum?
Tentorium cerebellum and cerebellar peduncles
71
What is the cerebellar cortex?
Gray matter surrounding the outside of the cerebellum
72
What are folia?
Raised bumps of the cerebellum
73
What are the arbor vitae?
"Little tree" made of white matter. Branches move outward towards cortex
74
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordination, posteur, movement, balance
75
What are the three structures of the brain stem?
The midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
76
What does the midbrain control?
Coordinates head and body,?eye rotation and pupil constriction, and visual focus
77
What is the pons?
Raised section on anterior surface of the brain stem
78
What are the two types of specialized neurons in the pons?
Pneumotaxic and apneustic
79
What is the pons function?
Connected to respiratory function
80
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Controls proprioception, cardiovascular activity, and respiratory system and reflexes.
81
What is proprioception?
Brains ability to maintain certain positions
82
How does the medulla oblongata control the respiratory system?
Controls breathing pattern
83
What reflexes does the medulla oblongata control?
Coughing sneezing and committing
84
The spinal cord is home base for what?
All peripheral nerves except the 12 crainial nerves
85
What type of meninges does the spinal cord contain?
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
86
What is the cardia equina?
End of the spinal cord where it begins to taper and Frey
87
What is the sacral plexus?
Where the spinal cord becomes very freyd
88
What is the spinal cord mostly composed of?
White matter
89
What is the ventral median sulcus?
Area if vasculature for the spinal cord
90
Is the central spinal cord gray or white matter?
Gray matter
91
What does the central canal help control?
Pressure
92
What is the dorsal nerve root?
Composed of afferent nerves carrying sensory impulses towards the spinal cord and brain
93
What is the ventral nerve root?
Efferent nerves carrying motor impulses to the body
94
What is the reflex arch?
Quick stimulus of nerve that travels to the spinal cord and immediately back without the brain knowing
95
What are the seven nerve plexus?
Sacral, cervical, brachial, lumbar, celiac, coccygeal, and auerbach's
96
What nerves does the sacral plexus contain?
Pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet.
97
What nerves does the cervical plexus have?
Head neck and shoulders
98
What nerves does the brachial plexus contain?
Chest shoulders arms and hands
99
What nerves does the lumbar plexus have?
Back, abdomen groin thighs knees and calves
100
What nerves does the celiac plexus have?
Internal organs
101
What nerves do the coccygeal plexus have?
Serves a small region over the coccyx
102
What. Nerves do the auerbach's plexus have?
Serves gaatrointestinal tract
103
What are the four corpuscles of the sence touch?
Kraus (cold), Rufini (heat), meisner (touch), Paccini (pressure)
104
What are pain receptors called?
Nociceptors
105
What are the four processes of pain?
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
106
What are the five levels of pain?
Superficial, deep, visceral, acute, and chronic
107
What is superficial pain?
Mild annoyance
108
What is deep pain
Less tolerable, joints and muscles
109
What is visceral pain?
Organ pain
110
What is acute pain?
Rapid sharp onset pain
111
What is chronic pain?
On going pain
112
What is a toe pinch test used for?
To see if nerves respond to pain
113
What is the touch sense also known as?
Tactile sense
114
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
Nasal epithelium
115
What are ole factory receptor cells?
Tiny hairs
116
What are olfactory tracts?
Tracts if nerves from the olfactory bulbs towards center if the cerebrum
117
What is the function of smell?
Food gathering, protection, communication, and maybe to smell colors
118
What is the taste sense also known as?
Gustatory sense
119
What are the structures of the gustatory sense?
Salivary glands, saliva, fungi form papilla, taste buds, and gustatory hair cells
120
What are the four primary taste sensations?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter
121
What is the taste physiology?
Food enters mouth, stimulates salivary production, saliva stimulates gustatory receptor cells, taste nerve impulses sent to brain
122
What are the 3 basic parts of the eye?
Accessory structures, eyeball, ocular nerves
123
What are rectus muscles aka?
Extra ocular muscles
124
What are the six six rectus muscles?
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, and 2 oblique rectus
125
What are meibomian glands?
Glands that produce oil to lubricate the eye
126
What are the 2 layers of the eyelids?
Dermal, conjunctiva
127
What are the three layers if the conjunctiva?
Bulbar, palpebral, nictating
128
What is the bulbar conjunctiva?
Clear transparent lid that lies over the front of the eye ball
129
What is the palpebral conjunctiva?
Continuum of the bulbar, continues up the surface of the eye and bridges the gap between the eye and the dermal lid.
130
What is the nictating membrane?
Opaque, whitish, color. Closes over the eye from the corner. Can be an indicator of illness and can determine icterus.
131
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
Tear production
132
What is the medial canthus?
Medial corner of the eye
133
What is the lateral canthus?
Outter corner of the eye
134
Where are the lacrimal glands located?
Above the lateral canthus of the eye
135
What are the secretory ducts?
What the tears travel through to get to the surface
136
What is the lacrimal puncta?
Tiny holes at the medial canthus of the upper and lower dermal lids
137
Where do the tears drain out of?
The upper and lower caniliculi
138
What is the lacrimal sac?
Widened area where tears build up as they drain
139
What is the nasolacrimal duct?
Duct that leads to the nasal cavity
