Global development Flashcards
(22 cards)
Developed countries have a … human development
Very high
Emerging countries have a … human development
Medium to high
Developing countries have a … human development
Low
What is global uneven development caused by
Physical:
-poor c…
—>eg really … or really cold
—>hard to f…, reducing food p…, leading to m… or a poor … of life
—>fewer … to sell
-few r… materials
—>fewer p… to sell
—>so less to s… on d…
-natural d…
—>spend a lot of money on r… rather than d…
Historic:
-countries that were c…
—>had to r… on other …
—>g… were sold back to m… country
Economic:
-poor trade l…
—>less money m…
—>so less money s… on development
-b… money
—>can lead to d…
—>any money made is p… back so none is spent on d…
-countries that mainly export p… products
—>eg w…, metal, stone
—>don’t make much p… and prices …
—>not much money is …, so less can be spent on …
Physical:
-poor climate
—>eg really hot or really cold
—>hard to farm, reducing food produced, leading to malnutrition or a poor quality of life
—>fewer crops to sell
-few raw materials
—>fewer products to sell
—>so less to spend on development
-natural disasters
—>spend a lot of money on rebuilding rather than development
Historic:
-countries that were colonised
—>had to rely on other countries
—>goods were sold back to main country
Economic:
-poor trade links
—>less money made
—>so less money spent on development
-borrowing money
—>can lead to debt
—>any money made is payed back so none is spent on development
-countries that mainly export primary products
—>eg wood, metal, stone
—>don’t make much profit and prices fluctuate
—>not much money is made, so less can be spent on development
Uneven development within the uk
-wages are l… in the north than the s…
-u… is highest in north e… England and l… in south west
-higher life … in south east …, and lowest in n… England
-e… is better in the s…, better gcse r…
-wages are lower in the north than the south
-unemployment is highest in north east England and lowest in south west
-higher life expectancy in south east England, and lowest in northern England
-education is better in the south, better gcse results
What factors have affected Uk development
Physical:
-north and w… are more m… and have a c… and wetter climate than the s…
—>farming is less p…
-difficult to d… infrastructure like r… and railways
—>more e… and time c… to transport g… to these locations
—>fewer i… and fewer j… available
-as people tend to have less m…, local c… have less to spend on d…
Historic:
-L… gets lost of i… in infrastructure and services because it’s the c… city
—>this p… affects s… regions
-the d… had a more n… impact on the n…
-some areas have s… to develop a… industries
—>so u… is high and w… are low
Economic:
-southern r… have better t… links to the rest of the w…
—>better trade o…
—>more e… and imports
—>more m… made
-London has become a g… finance centre
—>has … times as many j… as any other city in the Uk
—>highest a… income in the c…
Physical:
-north and west are more mountainous and have a colder and wetter climate than the south
—>farming is less productive
-difficult to develop infrastructure like roads and railways
—>more expensive and time consuming to transport goods to these locations
—>fewer industries and fewer jobs available
-as people tend to have less money, local councils have less to spend on development
Historic:
-London gets lost of investment in infrastructure and services because it’s the capital city
—>this positively affects surrounding regions
-the deindustrialisation had a more negative impact on the north
-some areas have struggles to develop alternate industries
—>so unemployment is high and wages are low
Economic:
-southern regions have better transport links to the rest of the world
—>better trade opportunities
—>more exports and imports
—>more money made
-London has become a global finance centre
—>has four time as many jobs as any other city in the Uk
—>highest average income in the country
Effects of uneven development of poorer countries
H…:
-not able to afford h…
—>forms s… settlements and s…
-slums have no a… to lots of s…
—>eg clean w…, electricity, waste d…
—>leading to a poor … of life
-lack of building r…
—>poor q… housing
—>houses may … or be swept a… in areas prone to … disaster
H…:
-lack of s… and poor h… can mean many suffer from d…
—>leads to a lower life …
-it is easier for w… people to access healthy f… and good h…
-infant … is much higher in p… countries
T…:
-some countries have better a… to t…
—>eg i…
-people in p… countries may not be able to a… new f… machinery or f…
—>leading to lower y… and food i…
E…:
-working c… are p…
—>long h…, low w…, dangerous
-i… jobs
—>t… are not payed
-higher u… rates
-not suited for most j… outside of the p… sector (eg a…)
—>due to a lack of e…
E…:
-can’t afford to i… in e…
-can’t afford s… fees
-lots of c… have to w… to help their f…
-lack of e… means people can’t get b…-paid, s… jobs
W… s…:
-water may be s… or contaminated by s…, chemicals or f…
-some d… are passed on through w…
-have to t… a long way to c… water
—>distracts from w…
F… s…:
-not enough to e…
—>malnutrition, s… and death
-growing … becomes harder due to … erosion
-s… of food can lead to higher …
—>most people can’t a… them
Housing:
-not able to afford housing
—>forms squatter settlements and slums
-slums have no access to lots of services
—>eg clean water, electricity, waste disposal
—>leading to a poor quality of life
-lack of building regulations
—>poor quality housing
—>houses may collapse or be swept away in areas prone to natural disaster
Health:
-lack of sanitation and poor healthcare can mean many suffer from diseases
—>leads to a lower life expectancy
-it is easier for wealthier people to access health food and good healthcare
-infant mortality is much higher in poor countries
Technology:
-some countries have better access to technology
—>eg internet
-people in poorer countries may not be able to afford new farm machinery or fertilisers
—>leading to lower yields and food insecurity
Employment:
-working conditions are poor
—>long hours, low wages, dangerous
-informal jobs
—>taxes are not payed
-higher unemployment rates
-not suited for most jobs outside of the primary sector (eg agriculture)
—>due to a lack of education
Education:
-can’t afford to invest in education
-can’t afford school fees
-lots of children have to work to help their families
-lack of education means people can’t get better-paid, skilled jobs
Water security:
-water may be scarce or contaminated by sewage, chemicals or fertilisers
-some diseases are passed on through water
-have to travel a long way to collect water
—>distracts from working
Food security:
-not enough to eat
—>malnutrition, starvation and death
-growing crops becomes harder due to soil erosion
-shortages of food can lead to higher prices
—>most people can’t afford them
International strategies to deuce uneven development
Agreements:
-govs of several c… can work …
-often involve i… organisations (…)
Aid:
-money or … given by one country to …
-can also be provided by o…
-spent on d… projects eg building s…, dams etc
-short t… aid can help countries to cope with e…
Agreements:
-govs of several countries can work together
-often involve international organisations (IGOs)
Aid:
-money or resources given by one country to another
-can also be provided by organisations
-spent on developing projects eg building schools, dams etc
-short term aid can help countries to cope with emergencies
Pros and cons of top down approaches
Pros:
-large p…
-aim to solve l… scale problems and improve the … of lots
-help with … term development
Cons:
-if the a… is in a form of a l… the country made have to pay the m… back
-very …
-may not b… everyone
-if governments are c… they may use the money for their own p…
-often h…-tech and energy i…
Pros:
-large projects
-aim to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots
-help with long term development
Cons:
-if the aid is in a form of a loan the country made have to pay the money back
-very expensive
-may not benefit everyone
-if governments are corrupted they may use the money for their own purposes
-often high-tech and energy intensive
What are top-down approaches
Large government projects
What are bottom-up approaches
Smaller local projects
Pros and cons of bottom-up approaches
Pros:
-aim to i… the quality of … for the p… and most vulnerable
-l… have a say in how the m… is used, so they can get what they n…
-often e… locals, so they earn a w…
-low … impact
-much c…
-i… technology is used
Cons:
-most money comes from c… which rely on …
-usually …-scale, so don’t … everyone
-have to run by l… rather than the g…
Pros:
-aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable
-locals have a say in how the money is used, so they can get what they need
-often employ locals, so they earn a wage
-low environmental impact
-much cheaper
-intermediate technology is used
Cons:
-most money comes from charities which rely on donations
-usually small-scale, so don’t benefit everyone
-have to run by locals rather than the Gov
Mumbai bottom-up strategies pros and cons
C… toilets: -t… blocks
PROS:
-improves s…
-provides it to whole ..
-families can p… and rent the f…
CONS:
-should be … responsibility
-have to …, so not available to e…
H… foundation: -provides social w… services
PROS:
-improves h…, education and job s…
-more people have better a… to job o…
—>higher i…, better … of life
CONS:
-only … amount of children are helped
-only for …-18 year olds
A… micro finance: -b… services
PROS:
-people have a s…, stable place to put their m…
-provides l… to improve homes or to invest in …
CONS:
-High i… rates (…%)
—>can’t a… to pay those on top
Community toilets: -toilet blocks
PROS:
-improves sanitation
-provides it to whole community
-families can purchase and rent the facilities
CONS:
-should be govs responsibility
-have to pay, so not available to everyone
Hamara foundation: -provides social work services
PROS:
-improves health, education and job skills
-more people have better access to job opportunities
—>higher income, better quality of life
CONS:
-only small amount of children are helped
-only for 16-18 year olds
Agora micro finance: -banking services
PROS:
-people have a safe, stable place to put their money
-provides loans to improve homes or to invest in businesses
CONS:
-High interest rates (25%)
—>can’t afford to pay those on top
Mumbai top down strategies pros and cons
G… site closure project:
-closing l…
PROS:
-t… are no longer released into the e…
-a… a lot of people who want … blocks nearby
—>e… people
-cleans the l… creak
—>b… fishing
CONS:
-costs … million, very e…
-t… are still released into the s…
M…: -improve r… lines
PROS:
-stops c…
—>reducing p… and greenhouse … effect
-can easily be b… over in future
-c… a lot of people q…
CONS:
-very e…, section 1 cost …million
-not as many people u… it as e…
Improving s… life: -h… units, sanitation, h…
PROS:
-decreases d… spread
—>higher life …
-access to … water, improves … levels
-better e…
—>better j…
-a… housing units
—>prevents people living in …
-f… jobs
—>taxed, benefits …
—>r… in improving the … of life
CONS:
-very e…
-destroys strong c…
-often property d… areas are bought and turned into … flats
-lots of people feel t… are scams
Garbage site closure project:
-closing landfills
PROS:
-toxins are no longer released into the environment
-attracting a lot of people who want apartment blocks nearby
—>employs people
-cleans the local creak
—>benefits fishing
CONS:
-costs 4 million, very expensive
-toxins are still released into the soil
Monorail: -improve railway lines
PROS:
-stops congestion
—>reducing pollution and greenhouse gas effect
-can easily be built over in future
-carries a lot of people quickly
CONS:
-very expensive, section 1 cost 310million
-not as many people used it as expected
Improving slum life: -housing units, sanitation, healthcare
PROS:
-decreases diseases spread
—>higher life expectancy
-access to clean water, improves sanitation levels
-better education
—>better jobs
-affordable housing units
—>prevents people living in slums
-formal jobs
—>taxed, benefits government
—>reinvested in improving the quality of life
CONS:
-very expensive
-destroys strong community
-often property development areas are bought and turned into expensive flats
-lots of people feel taxes are scams
Causes of deindustrialisation
Cheap l…:
-shops and i… shut d… due to the c… manufacturing of materials a…, so shops in the Uk shut d…
I…:
-due to the g… of internet more p… shop o…, so less people v… the city to shop, so b… have to close down
T…:
-developments in t… mean that g… can be t… more e…, so its increasingly possible for g… to be manufactured o…
Cheap labour:
-shops and industries shut down due to the cheaper manufacturing of materials abroad, so shops in the Uk shut down
Internet:
-due to the growth of the internet more people shop online, so less people visit the city to shop, so businesses have to close down
Transport:
-developments in transport mean that goods can be transported more easily, so its increasingly possible for goods to be manufactured overseas
Positive and negative impacts of rapid development
Social:
-improved h…:
—>governments i… more in hospitals, m… and improving the q… of life
—>less d… is spread
-improved e…:
—>eg “educate g…” charity
—>higher h… incomes
—>increased l… rates
—>s… education
—>lower i… mortality r…
-increased l… expectancy:
—>result of better h…, and developments in m… and sanitisation
—>higher population leading to a higher d… of resources and s…
—>result in problems like a lack of h…, forming s…
Economic
-creation of j…
—>as industries e… more jobs are n…
—>moves people away from the i… to formal work s…
—>less u…
—>better q… of life
—>decreased p…
—>better living c… eg s…
-G… per capita i…
—>more d… income
—>boost other b…
—>attracts further i…
—>can afford h…, sanitation and e…
-increased c… of living
—>places people back into p…
Environmental:
-more i…
-a… pollution
—>… effects on h…
—>air pollution can create s…, which results in everything s… down
—>very bad impact on e…
-l… pollution
—>result of increasing p…
—>not enough w… disposal s…
—>increased material on l…
—>releases m… as it d…
—>takes up a lot of s…
-w… pollution
—>industrial a… can produce harmful w…
—>can enter r… and lakes c… them
—>o… spills can harm a…
—>increased use of f… in farming can cause l… where is e… rivers
—>harming sea a…
—>n… are washed out of s… which reduces the soils f…
—>affecting crop y…
Social:
-improved healthcare:
—>governments invest more in hospitals, medicine and improving the quality of life
—>less disease is spread
-improved education:
—>eg “educate girls” charity
—>higher house incomes
—>increased literacy rates
—>sex education
—>lower infant mortality rate
-increased life expectancy:
—>result of better healthcare, and developments in medicine and sanitisation
—>higher population leading to a higher demand of resources and services
—>result in problems like a lack of housing, forming slums
Economic
-creation of jobs
—>as industries expand more jobs are needed
—>moves people away from the informal to formal work sector
—>less unemployment
—>better quality of life
—>decreased poverty
—>better living conditions eg sanitation
-GDP per capita increases
—>more disposable income
—>boost other businesses
—>attracts further investment
—>can afford healthcare, sanitation and education
-increased cost of living
—>places people back into poverty
Environmental:
-more industry
-air pollution
—>negative effects on health
—>air pollution can create smog, which results in everything shutting down
—>very bad impact on economy
-land pollution
—>result of increasing population
—>not enough waste disposal services
—>increased material on landfills
—>releases methane as it decays
—>takes up a lot of space
-water pollution
—>industrial activity can produce harmful waste
—>can enter rivers and lakes contaminating them
—>oil spills can harm animals
—>increased use of fertilisers in farming can cause leaching where is entered rivers
—>harming sea animals
—>nutrients are washed out of soil which reduces the soils fertility
—>affecting crop yeilds
Uneven development in india
Core:
-c… areas are highly i…, urbanised and are centres for e… growth
-have d… where there are r… materials, eg coal and i…
-access to r… and ports allows t… of goods and p…
-areas with more i… have better j…
-so more is s… on local s… like h… and education
-this generates w…, so is more a… to foreign i…
Periphery:
-the p… is mainly r…, with fewer j… and little e… development
-higher p… rates
-mainly d… on a… for income
—>if there is a bad h… this can have a massive e… on the population
-i… like r… is very p…
—>harder for i… to t… their goods
—>less a…
—>government is willing to s… less on d… it
Core:
-core areas are highly industrialised, urbanised and are centres for economic growth
-have developed where there are raw materials, eg coal and iron
-access to rivers and ports allows transports of goods and people
-areas with more industry have better jobs
-so more is spent on local services like healthcare and education
-this generates wealth, so is more attractive to foreign investment
Periphery:
-the periphery is mainly rural, with fewer jobs and little economic development
-higher poverty rates
-mainly dependent on agriculture for income
—>if there is a bad harvest this can have a massive effect on the population
-infrastructure like roads is very poor
—>harder for industries to transport their goods
—>less attractive
—>government is willing to spend less on developing it
International strategies aiming to reduce uneven development
I… agreements:
-govs from s… countries work t… to help i… development
-often involve intergovernmental o… (IGOs)
—>eg United …
I… aid:
-international aid is m… or resources given by one c… to a…
-aid is spent on d… projects
—>eg improving e…, buildings d…
-short t… aid can be given to help c… cope with e…
—>eg n… disasters
Intergovernmental agreements:
-govs from several countries work together to help increase development
-often involve intergovernmental organisations (IGOs)
—>eg United Nations
International aid:
-international aid is money or resources given by one country to another
-aid is spent on development projects
—>eg improving education, buildings dams
-short term aid can be given to help countries cope with emergencies
—>eg natural disasters
India’s involvement in international trade
International trade:
-is the import and export of goods and services between countries
-trade is an increasingly important part of India’s economy
-is part of the world trade organisation (WTO) and a member of G20
-the individual countries that India trades with the most are USA, UAE and china
-India’s main exports are diamonds and chemical products (eg medicine)
-India’s main imports is crude oil for transport and industry
India’s involvement with aid
Aid:
-has been one of the h… receivers of i… aid
-until 201., it received … million per y… from the U… to reduce p…
-India also gives a… to n… countries in South …
-this gives I… more p… in the region and better a… to more r…
Aid:
-has been one of the highest receivers of international aid
-until 2015, it received 200 million per year from the Uk to reduce poverty
-India also gives aid to neighbouring countries in South Asia
-this gives India Mir power in the region and better access to more resources
Public and private investment in india
-before … public i… was the m… type of investment
-the gov p… private i… in most i…
-after …, more i… were opened up to p… sector i…
-some large T… from the USA and E… outsource m… to India
-before 1991 public investment was the main type of investment
-the gov prevented private investment in most industries
-after 1991, more industries were opened up to private sector investment
-some large TNCs from the USA and Europe outsource manufacturing to India
How is the government trying to improve people’s quality of life in india
large s… solar p… scheme:
—>from a l…
-increases the n… of people c… to the n… electrical g…
-increases e… growth by providing more p…
-reduces India’s r… on coal f… power s…
—>improving air q…
S… cities:
-have a…, energy e… housing and good i…
-aims to relieve p… on existing c… and enable s… economic g…
large scale solar park scheme:
—>from a loan
-increases the number of people connected to the national electrical grid
-increases economic growth by providing more power
-reduces India’s reliance on coal fired power stations
—>improving air quality
Smart cities:
-have affordable, energy efficient housing and good infrastructure
-aims to relieve pressure on existing cities and enable sustainable economic growth
