Global Governance Flashcards

Question

What are the patterns of globalisation

Answer 1

Production, distribution and consumption

Answer 2

36% (characterised by long distance flows of goods, capital and services)

Answer 3

38% (characterised by spread of ideas, information, images and people)

Answer 4

26% (characterised by the diffusion of government policies and development of market economies in former communist states)

Answer 5

Include many European countries, Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Answer 6

USA, Russia, China

Answer 7

Include many from sub-Saharan Africa, countries in conflict like Afghanistan and some low income countries like Nepal and Myanmar

Answer 8

``` Capital flows. Technology flows. Raw material flows. Manufactured goods flows. Labour flows ```

Answer 9

Mainly, and traditionally, from more developed, HICS is to LICS. Although, it's no longer as clear cut

Answer 10

Mainly and traditionally from the more developed HICs to the less developed LICS. Although changing world economic patterns have resulted in some NEEs becoming centres of technology development

Answer 11

Mainly and traditionally from LICS to HIC. But patterns of trade have become more complex as poorer countries invest in manufacturing activity and attempt to rebalance their economy

Answer 12

Mainly and traditionally a movement of high value manufactures from the more developed HICs to LICS, and low value manufactures from the LICS to the HICs, although this is no longer as clear cut

Answer 13

Some are high skilled moving to HICs and others are unskilled who more to HICs to look for work

Answer 14

All money that moves between counties which is used for investment (e.g in land and physical capital), trade or production

Answer 15

Through the recognition of international brands. E.g Starbucks is familiar to the Uk high street but also around the world

Answer 16

Land - all natural resources provided by the earth like minerals and water Labour - human resources available in any economy. Quantity and quality are keeps to any producer. Capital - any physical resource that can be regarded as man-made aid for production like machinery, buildings and factories (physical capital) and investment finance to provide the capital. Enterprise - human capital describing those who take the risk of establishing businesses and organising the production of goods or services.

Answer 17

That the activities of financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies and investment companies were no longer confined within national boundaries

Answer 18

An acronym used to identify a group of four contour is - Brazil, Russia, India and China whose economies have advanced rapidly since the 1990s

Answer 19

A large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have moved and settled in places all over the world

Answer 20

Refers to a loss of income from an economic system. It most usually refers to the profits sent back to their base country by transnational corporations - also known as profit repatriation

Answer 21

An acronym referring to the more recently emerging economies of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

Answer 22

There is now a continuum of development, so more regions of the world might be envisaged as 'core'

Answer 23

Because of restrictions on immigration

Answer 24

To seek better employment opportunity

Answer 25

Developing countries in South Asia, Africa and Latin America to the richer areas of North America and Europe. Another major destination for the movement of labour has been around the oil-rich Gulf States.

Answer 26

``` Kuwait Qatar Bahrain Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates ```

Answer 27

The construction boom has provided plentiful employment opportunities

Answer 28

Despite increase in cross-border movements, most migrants move over short distances within the same region or between neighbouring regions. North America, Europe and the Gulf countries in Western Asia attract migrants from furtherest afield. Bulk of economic migrants moving between continents are not the poorest but those with some education and finance. Largest regional flow of labour in the world is in Asia. Over the past 25 years, more people have migrated from Asia to North America and Europe but also both the Gulf States and Tiger economies of south east Asia have become attractive destinations for those seeking employment.

Answer 29

An increasingly important source of income for developing countries. Unlike FDI, remittances did not dip significantly during the global financial crisis of 2008-09 according to the World Development Indicators and World Bank Estimates

Answer 30

Balanced. There’s a lot of migration between countries within the regions. Outflows are largely of Filipinos and Vietnamese to the Middle East and North America

Answer 31

Moving to the USA

Answer 32

Much of the movement occurs between neighbouring countries

Answer 33

The largest inter-regional flow is between south and west Asia. Nearly 5 million have migrated from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to the Gulf stages of Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the UAE

Answer 34

‘Rivers of gold’

Answer 35

``` United States -> Mexico. (22.2$bn) UAE -> India (13.8$bn) Hong Kong -> China (13.5$bn) United States -> China (12.2$bn) United States -> India (12$bn) United States -> Philippines (10.1$bn) Saudi Arabia -> India (5.3$bn) United States -> Vietnam (4.2$bn) Britain -> India (4.1$bn) Japan -> China (4.1$bn) ```

Answer 36

By the reduction in costs of trade, which includes transaction, tariffs and transport and time costs

Answer 37

By the improvements in flows of data and the ease with which capital can be transferred to pay for transaction

Answer 38

By the process of containerisation which has enabled more complex and long distance flows of products, as does air transport which can speed delivery and reduce costs of more valuable or perishable cargo.

Answer 39

The World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Answer 40

A system of standardised transport that used large standard-size steel containers to transport goods. The containers can be transferred between ships, trains and lorries, enabling cheaper, efficient transport

Answer 41

A deliberate policy by government to impose restrictions on trade in goods and services with other countries - usually done with the intention of protecting home-based industries from foreign competition

Answer 42

A tax or duty placed on imported goods with the intention of making them more expensive to consumers so that they do not sell at a lower price than home-based goods - a strategy of protectionism

Answer 43

Economic activities that are traded without the production of material goods, for example, financial or insurance services

Answer 44

High level services | Low level services

Answer 45

Services to businesses such as finance, investment and advertising

Answer 46

Services to consumers such as banking, travel and tourism, customer call centres or communication services

Answer 47

Communication and the transfer of information

Answer 48

Because they are footloose and can located anywhere and have advancing technology

Answer 49

In cities in the more developed world such as London, New York and Tokyo, which are the major centres of global industrial and financial control

Answer 50

Frankfurt. Toronto. Zurich. With the empowerment of East Asian economies, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul and Shanghai also.

Answer 51

They are seeking to extend their influence on a global scale

Answer 52

HSBC Holdings in banking and financial services, Omnicom (US) in advertising and TUI Group (Germany) in travel and tourism

Answer 53

The decentralisation or low level services from the developed to the developing world e.g call centre operations have moved from the UK to India where labour costs are generally 10-20% lower than in the Uk

Answer 54

A collection of different companies or organisations which may be involved in different business activities but all report to one parent company - most transnational corporations are conglomerates

Answer 55

The cost advantages that result from the larger size, output or scale of an operation as savings are made by spreading the costs or by rationalising operations

Answer 56

The movement of people through migration and by the speed of data and communication transfers.

Answer 57

Transfer of cultural ideas, languages, industrial technology, design and business management support

Answer 58

Improvements to global telephone networks, making communication cheaper and easier. Mobile telecommunication technology. Email and the internet, which enables large amount of information to be exchanged instantly across the globe. Live media coverage available on a global scale because of satellite technology.

Answer 59

Because of their contribution to the expansion of knowledge-intensive goods and services. These industries need the exchange of ideas and flows of expertise to flourish

Answer 60

Those which have an intensive research and development (R&D) component and use highly skilled and educated labour e.g high tech products such as semi-conductors, pharmaceuticals, computer technology and business services such as international law, accounting and engineering.

Answer 61

The process of promoting, advertising and selling products or services

Answer 62

It views the world a one single market. creates products that fit the various regional marketplaces. Usually develops a recognisable ‘brand’. Employs one marketing strategy to advertise the product to customers all over the world.

Answer 63

To sell the same product, the same way, everywhere

Answer 64

Economies of scale for the organisation which reduces their costs

Answer 65

From around 6,000 to about 3,000 (around 50%) though decline has now steadied and productivity is rising again

Answer 66

Highly skilled, highly paid, decision making, research and managerial occupations which, on a global scale, are largely concentrated in more developed countries. The unskilled, poorly paid assembly occupations, which tend to be located in developing countries that have lower labour costs.

Answer 67

They have become newly industrialised counties (NICs) due to the simple division of labour undergoing radical changes

Answer 68

Their own industrial and commercial bases and their own TNCs which have spread their wings globally

Answer 69

Started with the four Asian 'tiger' economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These were followed in succession by the BRIC economies (the most rapid and prominent being China) And more recently the so-called MINT economies. Development has come to these new 'cores', particularly south east Asia and Latin America.

Answer 70

In the countries of origin

Answer 71

As a result of foreign direct investment by transnational corporations (TNCS) into those developing countries able to take on manufacturing tasks at a competitive price.m

Answer 72

Lower land and labour costs, as well as incentives offered by governments in developing counties

Answer 73

The filtering down of manufacturing industry from developed countries to lower wage economies

Answer 74

Counties in the developing world to increase their productivity, without raising their wage to the same level as developed dourness

Answer 75

Decentralisation in the richer countries and a loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector

Answer 76

Global shift. Outmoded production methods. Products at the end of their life cycles. Poor management.

Answer 77

Foreign TNCs invest in deindustrialised regions to try and reverse the trend of decline

Answer 78

Lower costs. Availability of skilled and educated workforce. The opportunity to build new plant with the latest and most productive technology. Government incentives in the form of tax breaks or enterprise zones to entice companies to invest and relocate. Access to larger markets without tariff barriers, enabled through trade agreements.

Answer 79

A manufacturing operation (plant or factory) located in free trade zones in Mexico. They import materials for assembly and then export the final product without any trade barriers

Answer 80

The vehicle industry

Answer 81

The richer countries of the developed world

Answer 82

Products being manufactured in NEEs are largely exported to HICs (Countries in Europe, North America and Japan) but the pattern is changing

Answer 83

Dyson, a U.K. Based vacuum cleaner manufacturer, moved the manufacture and assembly of its products to Malaysia but still sells the bulk of its vacuum cleaners in the Uk and Europe

Answer 84

As NEEs develop, their populations are becoming more affluent and starting to demand similar consumer products to those being exported from their own counties.

Answer 85

From west to east as the centre of gravity of economic activity (consumption and production)

Answer 86

That consumption will drive trade patterns more than production location decisions and so the fastest growing trade route will be between India and China. As Asia becomes more competitive a growing share of the regions export will be to other counties in Asia. Western companies specialising in finance have enormous potential to benefit from the expansion of trade in financial services in the Asia-Pacific region.

Answer 87

Because of the development of digital computer technology and particularly since the advent of the Internet, which has enabled speedy and 24/7 global communications. The emergence of English as the accepted global language of business has also eroded barriers. A number of other technologies, systems and relationships have evolved to support globalisation as well.

Answer 88

Due to there being few or no boundaries for the constant flow of days

Answer 89

``` Communications. Transport. Collapse of corporations. TNCs. Capital/ investment. Global marketing. Travel. Containerisation. Migration. Trade. ```

Answer 90

The increased availability of ICT and mobile phones and the Internet revolution.

Answer 91

There is faster transport by air, road and rail meaning you can cross borders much easier

Answer 92

More counties are able to develop market economies

Answer 93

Through mergers and expansions e.g PC world and Currys.

Answer 94

Through the increasingly capital mobility

Answer 95

There's been a rise in the significance of global 'brands' like McDonald's

Answer 96

There's an increased business, personal and tourism travel which spread cultures more widely

Answer 97

As vast quantities can be shipped globally at a low cost there's an ease of transporting the goods

Answer 98

Ideas and information can be spread via people

Answer 99

The role of the WTO has been to increase free trade and trading groups like EU and NAFTA

Answer 100

Describes an activity, such as an industry, that can be placed at any location without having to consider factors such as raw materials and transport

Answer 101

To increase exports from their country

Answer 102

Trade departments whose function will be to ease and facilitate exports

Answer 103

The UKs government have the UK trade and Investment (UKTI) department. They offer support and advice on all aspects of trade to encourage businesses, especially first-time exporters to trade their goods overseas

Answer 104

Dry ports, located inland and nearer to their business

Answer 105

Save the exporter time and transport costs as all shipment arrangements and customs documentation are completed locally before the goods are shipped to a seaport such as Karachi

Answer 106

Problems in exchanging finance for goods and exchange rate concerns

Answer 107

Arrangements for the removal or relaxing by governments of barriers to the movement of finance

Answer 108

Deregulation of financial markets. Communications technology has also removed these concerns and made international trading easier and faster, even for smaller enterprises.

Answer 109

Financial transactions between importers and exporters can be completely quickly and securely

Answer 110

One where, for example, the numbers of people with Internet access globally and are in proportion within each nation

Answer 111

Increased size of aircraft; integrated air traffic networks. Growth of low-cost airlines and air freight companies. The use of standardised containers - by sea, rail, road and air. Handling and distribution efficiencies. Computerised logistics systems. High speed rail networks

Answer 112

Supply chain security, crime and anti-terrorism, food and bio-security, fiscal and anti-smuggling

Answer 113

The World Customs Organisation (WCO) and more regionalised measures such as an EU initiative to introduce a 'secure operator' quality label, awarded to operators meeting EU minimum standards of security

Answer 114

In response to terrorist incidents of recent years

Answer 115

Tightened up security for the benefit of business and have in some way facilitated trade, arguably though their piecemeal introduction and lack of cohesion have had the opposite effect, by increasing costs and creating delays for the shipment of goods.

Answer 116

A production revolution which has transformed how companies manufacture products and distribute them worldwide.

Answer 117

Substantial economies of scale (cost reductions) on a global level

Answer 118

Large production and assembly plants capable of exploiting technology's economies of scale (for example, robotics in the automotive industry). Global marketing and distribution networks to ensure that sales keep pace with the increase in production. Globally capable management.

Answer 119

investments in international production, distribution and management

Answer 120

Where different stages of the production process are located across different countries

Answer 121

The spatial inter-relationships necessary to support worldwide flows of information, raw materials, components, sub-assembled parts and finished products.

Answer 122

In order to gain and maintain a competitive edge

Answer 123

It is reliant on sufficiently fast transport from a cluster of suppliers (mainly Asia) to enjoy the short lead times necessary to be present in geographically disparate markets

Answer 124

They both coordinate a production network that spans the Americas, Europe and Asia, and are reliant on outside suppliers for various components and peripherals.

Answer 125

Relies on components or sub-assembled parts arriving simultaneously for final assembly in large-scale production plants. E.g Renault still builds most of its vehicles in France buy each vehicle has thousands of comprehend supplied from all over the world, such as the batteries for the electric-powered Renault Zoe, which are supplied by a Korean Manufacturer.

Answer 126

Information technology. Internet giving businesses: virtually free telecommunications and video conferencing. Integrated ICT management systems that facilitate greater visibility of shipment control at each stage of passage.

Answer 127

Third-party service providers such as GT Nexus, Wang and Unisys

Answer 128

Greater efficiency in the supply chain for manufacturers, ensuring that the correct supply of components arrives when they are needed and costs are cut by reducing the quantities of goods and materials held in stock.

Answer 129

That production is ‘pulled through’ by specific customer orders, rather than ‘pushed through’ to build up stock.

Answer 130

Producing and delivering finished goods ‘just in time’ to be sold. Sub-assembled goods ‘just in time’ to be assembled into finished goods. Parts ‘just in time’ to produce sub-assembled goods. Materials ‘Just in time’ to be made into parts.

Answer 131

A spatial separation between higher-order business activities (such as research and development, design and engineering, marketing and advertising) which are based at corporation headquarters and stratum hubs around the world and lower-order accursed (such as production and assembly) which are based either at low production-cost locations or in proximity to large markets for the finished goods. Global corporations increasingly focusing on a few key strategic activities and extensively outsourcing non-strategic activity. Rapid growth of the logistics and distribution ‘solution’ industry, increased competitiveness between service providers within this industry and the rise of logistics as a profession.

Answer 132

In order to stimulate trade between themselves and to gain economic benefits from co-operation

Answer 133

Free trade areas. Custom unions. Common markets. Economic or monetary unions such as the European Union (EU)

Answer 134

The monetary union of the EU where there is a common currency - the Euro

Answer 135

Economically and politically but not monetarily

Answer 136

Many other regional agreements exist and some overlap as many states are members of more than one agreement

Answer 137

Free trade between group members in a free trade area as trade barriers are eliminated among the participating stages. However common external tariffs or trade restrictions will exist around the group member states

Answer 138

The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Its made up of members mainly from the Middle East but also from South America and Africa. Its focus is on he trade of oil globally, which is the single most important traded commodity.

Answer 139

Improved global peace and security and reduce conflict. To increase global trade and co-operation on trade issues. To help members develop their economies and standard of living.

Answer 140

To compete on a global level with other trading entities. To have a bigger representation in world affairs. To allow freedom of movement of trade. To allow people seeking work to move between countries more easily. To negotiate trade advantages as a group with other groups. Possibility of developing a common currency to prevent currency fluctuations and simply transactions. Support particular sectors of a national economy (for example, agriculture within the EU) To share technological advances. To raise standards in education and healthcare across the region. To spread democracy, human rights and possible political and legal intergration (the EU) For remote regions or declining industrial regions to receive support from the larger organisation.

Answer 141

The EU Regional Fund helps regions such as southern Italy and Western Ireland

Answer 142

Because they lead to more economic, social and political integration

Answer 143

Some loss of sovereignty - decisions are centralised by what some see as an undemocratic bureaucracy. Some loss of financial controls to a central authority such as a bank. Pressure to adopt central legislation. Certain economic sectors are damaged by having to share resources.

Answer 144

European Central Bank, overseas monetary policy in the Eurozone

Answer 145

In Europe, Bosnian ruling in soccer transfers, food standards and labelling

Answer 146

The Uk sharing its traditional fishing groups with other EU nations such as Spain and France

Answer 147

By looking at how successful they are in reducing barriers such as tariffs

Answer 148

Studied 55 regional trade agreements to discover if barriers to agricultural produce were lowered. Deals between rich and emerging economies has lifted the number of goods that are traded duty-free from 68% to 87% over the previous 10 years. In duty-free deals between emerging economies the proportion had advanced from 28% to 92% which demonstrates that regional trade agreements can lower these barriers.

Answer 149

NAFTA - North America free trade Agreement. MERCOSUR. EU - European Union. ASEAN (AFTA) - Asian Free Trade Area.

Answer 150

Canada, Mexico, USA

Answer 151

Formed in 1991. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Urguay, Venezuela (Bolivia and Equador are associates awaiting full membership)

Answer 152

Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmarks, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Solvenia, Spain, Sweden and the U.K. (Brexit) 28 countries, 19 in the Eurozone

Answer 153

Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

Answer 154

EFTA - European Free trade Association.

Answer 155

Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland

Answer 156

Pacific Alliance. CARICOM. UEMOA - west African economies and monetary union. SADC - South African development committee.

Answer 157

Formed in 2011. | Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru (Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala have applied to join)

Answer 158

Caribbean community : 20 countries

Answer 159

Benin, Burkina Faso, cote de d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo

Answer 160

Angola, Botswana, Dem. Rep. Of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mazambique, Nambia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Answer 161

SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation

Answer 162

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

Answer 163

Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezula 2 in South America, 4 in Africa, 3 in Asia.

Answer 164

See Hodder page 293

Answer 165

The salient flows of more between richer areas and emerging markets in the ‘periphery’. These flows assist emerging economies to develop, reduce disparities between the core and the periphery and ‘lubricate’ the worlds economy. It provides some good examples of economic interdependence.

Answer 166

It is concentrated in the hands of the relatively small block of developed nations (the core regions)

Answer 167

Countries seen as less developed, exploited and suffering from lack of investment, outmigration and leakage

Answer 168

Remittance payments. Foreign direct investment, especially into large emerging markets. Capital flows of foreign aid; bilateral/UN aid.

Answer 169

Labour and migration. | Repatriation of TNC profits.

Answer 170

Many counties fund the International Monetary Fund and world bank through loans

Answer 171

Repayment of loans

Answer 172

Loan repayment

Answer 173

Loans to stabilise economies. | Low interest loads to LDCs.

Answer 174

Development loans. | Disaster relief loans.

Answer 175

Investment made mainly by TNCs (occasionally by the government) based in one country, into the physical capital or assets of foreign enterprises

Answer 176

By setting up a subsidiary company, by acquiring shares or through merger or joint venture, by opening a new branch of their business or investing in local infrastructure

Answer 177

TNCS investing in overseas production will normally take any profit made from that investment back to their home country headquarters. This is sometimes called an economic leakage. The majority of these flows return to companies in richer countries

Answer 178

Important source of financial support for poor countries, it can take many forms

Answer 179

Can be provided through the UN (multilateral) from contributions made by a number of richer countries (sometimes known as Official development assistance (ODA) can be provided bilaterally from one government to another, usually with mutual co-operations applied. Can also be supplied in the form of technology and expertise via NGOS or as food and relief during times of disaster.

Answer 180

Exacerbates disparities as the less developed nations lose their most skilled and talented labour, who will pay taxes and spend much of their earnings in their destination country (although they habitually send remittances back to their origin country)

Answer 181

These are transfers of money made by foreign workers to families in their homes. They have become the second most important source of income in developing countries, above international aid but below FDIs

Answer 182

The increased economic, political, social and environmental interdependence that exist in the contemporary world

Answer 183

International political organisations which have been established to provide stability or consensus across nations

Answer 184

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Answer 185

international trade and access to markets

Answer 186

Concerns about the global environment

Answer 187

Improve co-operation, stability and development

Answer 188

They are often still led by the more powerful nations with vested interests, chasing them to steer and influence the pattern of change for their own advantage. This can lead to increased inequality, conflict and injustice as less developed nations are limited in how they are able to respond.

Answer 189

Support the structure of the worlds economic and financial order

Answer 190

By regulating and acting as intermediaries in the flow of international capital to support the structure of the worlds economic and financial order

Answer 191

At the end of the Second World War

Answer 192

In an attempt to steady the global economy and provide financial stability

Answer 193

A Regulator of financial flows and stabiliser of the system

Answer 194

A provider to support for less developed countries and aims to reduce poverty

Answer 195

Oversees the global financial system. Offers financial and technical assistance to its members. Provides loans if it will prevent a global economic crisis - last resort. Has a total of 2,300 staff from 185 member countries and always elects a European managing director.

Answer 196

Promote economic development in developing countries. Provides long term investment loans to reduce poverty. Encourages start up private enterprises in developing countries. Acquired financial resources by borrowing. Is a larger organisation witty 7000 staff from 185 countries and always has an American president.

Answer 197

For funding major ‘top down’ projects like a large multi-purpose dan to provide Hydro-electric power in less developed counties, which did not reduce poverty

Answer 198

Support more ‘bottom up’ sustainable development projects

Answer 199

When local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their specific needs

Answer 200

When the decision to undertake projects or developments is made by a central authority such as the government with little or no consultation with the local people whom it will affect

Answer 201

The global rules of trade between nations. It is the global institution responsible for international trade

Answer 202

To supervise and liberalise trade by reducing barriers. To act as an arbitrator sorting out trade problems between member governments. To negotiate to reach agreements that become legal ground rules for international commerce. To provide stability by giving trading nations confidence that there will be no sudden policy change

Answer 203

1995, it is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Answer 204

Over 160 members. Over 3/4 of these are developing or least-developing countries. The WTO is run by its members and all decisions are taken by consensus. The WTO holds a series of ‘rounds’ of talks on particular issues like the Doha Talks.

Answer 205

Countries relying on each other

Answer 206

Most recent round of WTO talks starting in 2001 in Qatar’s capital. They talk of issues of reforming trade in agricultural produce, especially between advanced and developing economies. Talks on these issues continued at the Doha Round in Geneva in 2008.

Answer 207

Tariffs could be reduced by 30%. A reduction could be made in subsidies paid to produce farm products. By richer, developed countries adhering to these reductions, it would mean: A benefit in trade for developing countries. Reduced prices of food for consumers in HICs. Fairer process for farmers in emerging economies.

Answer 208

The USA, EU and Japan insisted that, in return for them agreeing to the criteria, the larger trading nations of developing economies (Brazil China and India) would open their markets to western manufactured goods. This led to dispute. Emerging nations insisted on larger cuts in farm subsidies and tariffs paid to protect farmers in the USA and EU. The Doha Trade talks eventually collapsed in Geneva because of disagreement, mainly between the USA, China and India who would not compromise on the size of Tariffs. (Since then further efforts to reach an agreement have stalled)

Answer 209

USA would not allow China to use ‘safeguard clause’ which allowed developing nations to improve emergency quotas on importants

Answer 210

A year in Geneva a separate agreement was reached between EU and Latin America about the trade of bananas. This bilateral agreement gave a little more hope that the Doha Round might be re-invigorated. Further success achieved in 2013 in Bali: Multilateral trade agreement called the ‘Bali Package’. 159 WTO members agreed on a ‘trade facilitation’ deal to primarily speed up the movement of traded goods to reduce costs by removing red tape in customs procedures.

Answer 211

Hope that multilateral agreement as achievable

Answer 212

The former is unwilling to compromise on tariffs they impose on imports nor on the subsidies they offer to domestic producers

Answer 213

An agreement on trade or aid negotiated between two countries or two groups of countries

Answer 214

A group formed by countries in geographical proximity in which trade barriers for goods and services are eliminated (this may eventually apply to removing any labour market restrictions, as in the EU)

Answer 215

A trade bloc allowing free trade between member states with a common external tariff to trading countries outside the bloc e.g EU

Answer 216

An agreement negotiated between more than 2 countries or groups of countries at the same time

Answer 217

The main flows of workers are, predictably, from developing countries towards wealthier regions

Answer 218

Reduced unemployment where there is a lack of work - opportunities to seek work elsewhere. Reduced geographical inequality between workers (for example, Eastern Europeans working UK) Addresses important skill and labour shortages (for example the UK has recruited nurses from the Far East) Some workers return to their country of origin with new skills and new ideas.

Answer 219

Countries find it difficult to retain their best talent - attracted away by higher wages ‘brain Drain’. Loss of skilled workers causes a training gap. Outsourcing of production from high-wage economies causes unemployment in more developed countries. With greater movement of labour there is a greater risk of disease pandemics.

Answer 220

A cost saving strategy used by companies who arrange for goods or services to be produced or provided by other companies, usually at a location where costs are lower - ultimately it provides jobs and investment in one country but often takes them away from another.

Answer 221

One directional - taking manufacturing or service jobs from high wage economies in Europe and North America and having them undertaken by a sub-contracting organisation in a lower wage economy such as China.

Answer 222

Loss of jobs De-industrialisation Structural unemployment

Answer 223

Loss of jobs has a knock on effect in communities, especially where one larger employer has outsourced. Unemployment means there is less spending in the local economy, so shop workers, lose their jobs and services close down

Answer 224

The closure of manufacturing companies because of outsourcing eventually leads to the closure of local suppliers. Areas go into decline with derelict factories etc

Answer 225

The skill set of local workers is no longer compatible as the jobs they trained for have now moved abroad. They are often ill-equipped for the new types of work that enter their local economy. They need to be retrained and it may take a generation before a new work force with the skills required for the local economy emerges.

Answer 226

High investment from government

Answer 227

Prosperity for all and make the planet more equal in terms of income distribution

Answer 228

The difference between richer countries and low income countries and whether the difference between the two is increasing or decreasing. The inequality in income that exists within each country and how this is being affected by globalisation.

Answer 229

Through the transfer of capital and income from richer to poorer economies

Answer 230

It may be increasing inequality within countries as richer members of societies cope better with the change in jobs and technology

Answer 231

Communication and transport increase the integration of economies, the development continuum has become more condensed

Answer 232

Asia although countries in sub-Saharan Africa have a large gap to make up in living standards, their economies are now growing more quickly than most developed economies

Answer 233

3.2% which is expanding above the trend of developing countries having an increasing GDP

Answer 234

Ultra accommodative monetary policy, consumer and business spending, housing recovery, boost to consumption from lower oil prices

Answer 235

Importance obstacle to growth

Answer 236

It has a 7% growth of economic rate - higher than all others - even though it is a gradual slowdown as economic rebalancing progresses

Answer 237

Cheap oil, weaker euro, better credit conditions and a committed ECB provide support

Answer 238

The Gino co-efficient/ index

Answer 239

A measurement of internal disparities of wealth that is between 0 and 1 - zero would mean everyone in a place had the exact same income (perfect equality) But the closer a country is to 1, the greater the inequality

Answer 240

South Africa

Answer 241

0.60 (pretty unequal)

Answer 242

A Lorenz curve, which shows how much of a country’s income is received by various percentages of the population

Answer 243

It is the ratio of the area between the line of complete equity and the Lorenz curve to the area of the triangle between the line of complete equality and the axes. A/(A + B) (where a is between the two lines and B is underneath the Lorenz curve)

Answer 244

Inequality has worsened

Answer 245

In countries where income disparities are larger than they were a generation ago

Answer 246

Latin America, which was previously the most unequal continent, has seen a fallen Gini co-efficient in the past 10 years

Answer 247

Many counties including Britain, Canada and even egalitarian Sweden, have seen a rise in the share of national income taken by the 1%

Answer 248

It is a part of a much broader rise in disparities

Answer 249

Outsourcing | Investment

Answer 250

TNCs based in developing countries often employ skilled workers and pay high wages. A report from the OECD found that average wages paid by foreign transnational are 40% higher than wages by local firms. By contrast, unskilled areas (particularly in rural areas) tend not to have such opportunities leading to inequality

Answer 251

Those with some money to begin with will gain from investment and benefit more from growth, whereas those with no money stay rooted in poverty. Only wish further development will equality increase.

Answer 252

Work together on common goals as globalisation leads to greater political stability

Answer 253

Thomas Friedman - US writer on globalisation

Answer 254

‘No two countries that both have McDonald’s have found a war against each other since each got its mcdonalds’. The theory has been disproved on a number of occasions but it makes a legitimate point about economic integration decreasing the likelihood of armed conflict between countries

Answer 255

Shortage of water, food and energy resources bought about by global growth may lead to conflict between nations in some regions

Answer 256

Some groups may feel a sense of injustice or ideological opposition to the richer nations driving the process, this may give rise to civil conflict within countries and rapid global communications can hasten the spread of such conflicts

Answer 257

‘The Arab Spring’ sparked in Tunisia in 2010 but quickly spread across North Africa and the Middle East

Answer 258

Nations or between trade blocs

Answer 259

In 20”6, the UN Security Council imposed trade sanctions against Iran because of its refusal to suspend its uranium enrichment nuclear programme. This severally harmed Iran’s integration into the world economy until it was recently resolved. Russians supposed backing of separatists in Ukraine has brought sanctions against them from the EU and the USA.

Answer 260

It is a feature of increased ‘nationalism’ that is actually slowing down globalisation

Answer 261

The import and export of goods and services between countries

Answer 262

Since no country has everything it needs and materials and resources are unevenly distributed

Answer 263

That nations are better off when they buy and sell from one another

Answer 264

It suggests that countries should specialise in providing goods and services that they excel at producing. They trade these for things they are not good at producing. It is easier to make these exchanges if there are fewer barriers. So in theory, production should increase in each country, and globally, because each country is doing what they do best.

Answer 265

Because of the notion of comparative advantage

Answer 266

When there are fewer barriers

Answer 267

The foreigner producer is able to sell more and make increased profits and the consumer has access to products that might not be available domestically or better meet their needs.

Answer 268

It is only a theory production and real trade is more complex

Answer 269

Aas foreign products might be bought in cheaply but the (more costly) domestic seller loses a sale

Answer 270

To ensure that they gain a sale from foreign trade whilst other counties lose out

Answer 271

Becsuse of regulations, protectionism and high transportation costs

Answer 272

A government-imposed restraint on the flow of international goods or services, they can be used as protectionist straggles or as a means to affect diplomatic relations

Answer 273

A tariff - a tax on imports

Answer 274

The practice of protectionism

Answer 275

To protect their established or emerging industries

Answer 276

``` Import license Import quotas Subsidies Voluntary expose restraints Embargoes Trade restrictions ```

Answer 277

License issued by a national government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source

Answer 278

Set a physical limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported into the country

Answer 279

Grants or allowances usually awarded to domestic producers to reduce their costs and make them more competitive against imported goods (export subsidies are also used by the government to encourage domestic producers to sell their goods abroad)

Answer 280

A diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter it from imposing trade barriers

Answer 281

Involves the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country. They are usually put into practice for political rather than commercial reasons

Answer 282

Other import restrictions may be based on technical or regulatory obstacles such as the quality standards of goods being imported or how they are produced e.g the EU attempts to put restrictions on the imports of goods knowingly produced using child labour

Answer 283

The worlds economic output (measured by GDP)

Answer 284

The idyll of it breaking down barriers between counties at different stages of developing

Answer 285

Global trade in arms sales or the increasing use of social media to influence the status quo

Answer 286

Increased risk and cost as components and raw materials may become in short supply.

Answer 287

Increased risks and costs make international trade difficult. Components and raw materials may become in short supply. The devastating effects on the economies of individual counties. Businesses that rely on international trade would not supply and those that do not support regional or international war risk losing business.

Answer 288

Logic/reason

Answer 289

``` Comparative advantage. Economies of scale. Purchasing power. Fewer domestic monopolies. Transfer of technology. Increased employment. ```

Answer 290

A country specialises in producing only those goods that can be produced efficiently and at the lowest opportunity cost (e.g the Unbrella city) w

Answer 291

Producing a narrowing range of goods and services means that a country can produce in higher volumes and at a cheaper cost per item/unit

Answer 292

Increasing trade results in increased competition that lowers prices and allows consumers to be able to buy more for their money

Answer 293

Domestic prices may be kept high when a single firm controls a large proportion of the domestic market (25% or greater), as there is less competition. Imports from overseas competitors help to lessen this effect

Answer 294

Application of new technologies is incentivised as this may lead to design improvements and cost savings as well as supporting innovation and enterprise.

Answer 295

Increased production for export is likely to result in increased employment. In turn, as a result of the multiplier effect, more jobs will be created across the whole economy.

Answer 296

Over-specialisation Product dumping Stunted growth or decline of local and emerging industries Protectionism and tariffs De-skilling Exploitative and labour-intensive industries

Answer 297

If demand falls or if the same goods can be produced more cheaply overseas, then production needs to shift to other products. Specialised production centres tend to be less flexible and less able to diversify e.g single commodity economy - 'banana republic' in the Caribbean

Answer 298

Describes a political unstable country with an economy dependant on the exportation of a limited resource like bananas

Answer 299

Profit lines can be dangerous tight, even to the point where goods are sold at a potential loss. Dumping refers to exporting at a price that is lower in the foreign market than the price charged domestically

Answer 300

New home-grown industries may find it difficult to grow and become established when faced with existing foreign competition, where costs are lower

Answer 301

A country/ government may protect important domestic industries by imposing additional taxes and tariffs on imported goods and/ or encouraging exports

Answer 302

Traditional skills and crafts may be lost when production technology replaces manpower. So-called 'screwdriver jobs' may dominate

Answer 303

The biggest cost for most industries is labour; this is particularly true for consumers manufacturing industries. By squeezing this cost, even if working conditions are compromised, profit can be maximised

Answer 304

International trade and investment

Answer 305

Dramatically, the value increased 8 times between 1980 and 2008

Answer 306

With an increase in the mobility of factors of production, especially capital because of free market ideas at the end of the 20th century which saw a push to remove existing barriers to international trade

Answer 307

The general agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1947)

Answer 308

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) which confined the work of gradually lowering trade barriers to international with free trade as its aim

Answer 309

They have shrunk

Answer 310

Global economic growth and the flow of most products have eased

Answer 311

Global agreements have become increasingly difficult to reach. International trade flows are still expanding but at a slower rate.

Answer 312

It stalls which can cause a setback to economic aspects of globalisation

Answer 313

Some countries limit trade using tariffs and non-tariff barriers to shield their industries from forming competition

Answer 314

The removal of barriers to international trade

Answer 315

To increase trade and help resolve trade disputes between member countries

Answer 316

1. Countries can't give another country special access to their market without doing the same for every other country in the world. However, there are exceptions e.g counties can give special access to members of their trade bloc. 2. Counties should promote free trade e.g by removing as many barriers to trade as possible. 3. Countries should act predictably in their trading e.g by not raising tariffs on particular products once a deal has been reached. 4. There should be fair competition - one company or country shouldn't get an unfair advantage over rivals

Answer 317

It is changing

Answer 318

Developed countries e.g the G7 counties

Answer 319

``` USA Germany Japan U.K. Canada Italy France ```

Answer 320

Nearly 50%

Answer 321

Emerging economies - which account for a growing share with China accounting for the largest growth

Answer 322

Trans-Atlantic trade

Answer 323

They are becoming bigger traders, but growth is slow.

Answer 324

It increased markedly

Answer 325

The type and limited range of exports from LICS

Answer 326

Low value primary products such as crops or raw materials.

Answer 327

They are vulnerable to market price fluctuations and may have limited options for generating other sources of friend income if a natural disaster strikes or if tastes and fashions chance

Answer 328

World trade in goods will total US$36 trillion and services US$6 trillion. Intra-regional trade within Europe will be worth more than Asian intra-regional trade despite the more rapid growth of the later. Asia-Pacific region will experience the fastest growth in global trade. Some growth in sub-Saharan African countries as they develop and possibly become points of the assembly of finished goods. Europe will be the most important market for sub-Sahar's exports. Machinery and transport sector, including consumer electrical products, will make the largest contribution to trade.

Answer 329

Development in all counties, especially the least developed economies wanting to catch up.

Answer 330

Without an injection of capital

Answer 331

Size of the market (how many people they can sell to) Stability of the market. Plentiful natural resources. Ability to accessed financial services.

Answer 332

From about $400 billion to nearly $1500 billion, but the distribution is far from equal

Answer 333

The changes in world trade e.g while China was the worlds largest recipient of FDI in 2014, Singapore and Brazil were ranked 4th and 5th. FDI flows do developed countries as a whole dropped by 14% compared to 2013, mirroring the small but significant shift in world trade from HICs to LICS.

Answer 334

Until the 1980s developed countries many invested in other developed countries. Since then, developed countries have begun to invest more in emerging economies and developing counties

Answer 335

They now invest heavily in developing counties e.g China now invests a lot of money in counties in Africa and South America

Answer 336

Counties known for natural resource development - like Mongolis. These have attracted investment from large mining corporations. Countries known for financial business services - like Singapore.

Answer 337

A social movement whose goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve begged trading conditions and to promote stability, the movement focuses mainly on agricultural based products but goods may also include handicrafts of valuable materials like gold

Answer 338

Products exported from developing countries to richer nations

Answer 339

That those producing the commodities do not get an equitable deal from the organisations they supply the produce to. These may be TNCs,C food processing companies or buyers from supermarkets in developed counties.

Answer 340

Because suppliers have little market influence and are extremely reliant on the income from their goods

Answer 341

The payment of higher prices to producers, as well as helping them to achieve improved social and environmental standards.

Answer 342

They organise producers into cooperatives to combat their produce. This gives them more influence in governing market conditions and the power to negotiate bigger deals with buyers or to supply direct.

Answer 343

The Fair Trade Certification mark

Answer 344

Traidcraft

Answer 345

Focus on the Application of fair trade. They are retailers who buy directly from suppliers at a fair trade price

Answer 346

Free trade: to increase nations economic growth | Fair trade: to empower marginalised people and improve the quality of their lives.

Answer 347

Free trade: trade policies between countries | Fair trade:'commerce among individuals and businesses

Answer 348

Free trade: multinational corporations, powerful business interests Fair trade: vulnerable farmers, artisans and workers in less industrialised countries

Answer 349

Free trade: punishing marginalised people and environment, sacrificed long term Fair trade: interferes with free market, inefficient and too small scale for impact

Answer 350

Free trade: counties lower tariffs, quotas, labour and environmental standards. Fair trade:'businesses offer producers favourable financing, long term relationships, minimum prices and higher labour and environmental standards

Answer 351

Free trade: market and government policies | Fair trade: living wage and community improvement costs

Answer 352

Free trade: includes many parties between producer and consumer Fair trade: includes fewer parties, more direct trade

Answer 353

Free trade: WTO, World Bank, International Monetary Fund | Fair trade: Fairtrade Labelling Organisations International, World Fairtrade Organisations

Answer 354

A form of ethical consumerism where investors make a deliberate choice to invest capital based on the activities of the firm or organisation they are investing in e.g some choose to eliminate certain industries from their investment plans such as firearms.

Answer 355

A socially responsible choice and most investors make their decision based on environmental or social concerns.

Answer 356

It is a game played out between international powers who pick terms of trade at the expense of developing countries

Answer 357

Refers to the cost of goods that a country has to import, compared to the price at which they can sell the goods they export

Answer 358

HICs importing primary products from LICS and turn these into manufactured goods for export to world markets - the value of the product increases as it passes through HICS

Answer 359

They have increased whereas primary products have fluctuated

Answer 360

Export increased volumes of primary products to purchase the manufactured goods they require

Answer 361

Often uncertain and less favourable

Answer 362

The rapid industrialisation of China (but this is not an equal power relationship)

Answer 363

Metal from emerging economies of east Asia, particularly China

Answer 364

Metal suppliers that were previously uneconomic to exploit have been developed

Answer 365

North to south - for the advanced markets and developed economies to those that are emerging and developing

Answer 366

More investments and jobs and, in turn, increased government revenues.

Answer 367

New mines. New trade routes. Geopolitical implications of increased African-Asian cooperation are also significant.

Answer 368

They offer a ‘no strings attached’ route to development

Answer 369

The Unfulfilled Chinese promises of development assistance, flooding of cheap Chinese foods into African local markets and working practices that are unsafe and unethical

Answer 370

Has been to bring countries together into trading blocs

Answer 371

Associations between different governments that promote and manage trade. They remove trade barriers between members while keeping common barriers to counties who aren't part of the bloc

Answer 372

It makes it easier for counties to trade with their neighbours

Answer 373

Specific industries e.g some of the main oil exporting counties are members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) which aims to standardise prices to prevent counties undercutting one another with cheaper

Answer 374

They increase the volume of trade with emerging economies in less developed counties while keeping barriers to the rest of the country

Answer 375

Areas that have different trade and investment rules to the rest of a country e.g companies investing there may pay lower taxes on land and goods.

Answer 376

That by offering unfair advantages to members counties, they restrict the development of s global economy. The advantages of the largest trade blocs are increased further as any similar trade agreement between LICS are weaker and achieve limited advantages

Answer 377

Encourage trade of different types from different counties. They attempt to govern and set rules of trade

Answer 378

WTO Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Organisation or Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) G8 G20 World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Answer 379

Global 'think tank' for 30 of the worlds wealthiest nations

Answer 380

Consists of 11 states who supply 40% of the worlds oil. Tries to regulate the global oil market to ensure a good fair price

Answer 381

The group of 8 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, USA) represents 65% of the worlds trade and meets annually to discuss economic development.

Answer 382

``` China India Brazil Mexico South Africa ```

Answer 383

Includes all of the (finance) leaders to the G8+5 countries plus South Korea, Australia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Indonesia and also the leader of the EU. It also includes representatives of the World Bank and IMF. Like the G8, the G20 discusses the global economy and methods to encourage economic growth

Answer 384

Promotes investment globally and provides loans for counties under certain conditions

Answer 385

Standardises financial relations and aims to promote global monetary and exchange stability by monitoring the global economy and encouraging the growth of international trade. It can force counties to privatise (sell off) government assets, which are then bought by large TNCS, and opens up trade in return for refinancing debt

Answer 386

The EU and USA (part of NAFTA)

Answer 387

The Asian Free Trade Area

Answer 388

A major economic force and trading entity in its own right

Answer 389

They all want to ensure the best deals for their citizens, workers and businesses (including TNCs)

Answer 390

LICS- machinery, medicine | NEEs- cars, chemical

Answer 391

LICS- manufactured goods | HICS- machinery, clothes

Answer 392

NEES - crude oil, minerals | HICS- food, tobacco, crude oil

Answer 393

Between developed counties

Answer 394

Lots of money and expertise to make

Answer 395

China's manufacturing sector and the highly educated population has grown Indias service sector

Answer 396

China's manufacturing sector relies on lots of energy, so it needs oil e.g Angola

Answer 397

Bangladesh mainly exports to the US and EU and imports from China and India

Answer 398

Emerging economies and developed countries (this one the most)

Answer 399

A protectionist economy, lagging behind in entering any formal trade agreement

Answer 400

Negotiate trade agreements that will place it at the 'core' of the international trade. Large trade agreements are in the process of negotiation

Answer 401

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP) | Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

Answer 402

Free trade agreement being negotiated by 12 counties (USA, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam)

Answer 403

The negotiations lack transparency

Answer 404

As this region has seen the most rapid growth in trading

Answer 405

Traditional trade matters

Answer 406

``` Investment Patents and copyright Financial regulation Labour and environmental standards Trade in industrial goods and agriculture ```

Answer 407

New trade deal being negotiated behind closed doors between the USA and EU

Answer 408

Of liberalising 'one third of global trade'. To reduce the regulatory barriers to trade for business including food safety law, environments legislation, banking regulations and the sovereign power of individual nations.

Answer 409

It has the potential to boost the EUs economy by £120bn euros, the US economy by 90bn euros and the rest of the world by 100bn euros

Answer 410

Lack of transparency around the wide-ranging talks has been critiqued and their content has been leaked to the media several times. Criticised by unions, NGOs and environmental pressure groups, all of who, fear access to markets for TNCs will be promoted over existing EU laws that protect health, the environment and minimum labour rights.

Answer 411

That food safety had become a stumbling block in the talks

Answer 412

All members of the EU will have to vote on the agreement

Answer 413

Whether individual national governments will have any power to veto a deal

Answer 414

To give a voice to the major developing economies (including BRIC) who felt that the WTO was not fully serving their interests

Answer 415

A forum established in 1964 when China was seen as a less developed economy.

Answer 416

Represent the interests of the worlds poorest counties. Help development in these counties. Reduce poverty and disease and improve human rights.

Answer 417

China has a common interest, with the poorest 77, in reducing poverty. China hopes to increase its influence in world affairs by being part of this group. The group needs a powerful ally to effect international cooperation and change.

Answer 418

The expansion of manufacturing of consumer goods for richer 'Western' counties, particularly those in Europe and North America

Answer 419

The increased confidence of being an economic superpower has enabled investment in other parts of the world including Africa.

Answer 420

Many are wary of investing in African counties, especially those with a recent history of civil war

Answer 421

An opportunity for investing in resource development and increased trade

Answer 422

Varied. One clear objective is to extract a range of primary resources including metal to support industrial expansion in China. However, there is evidence that China's investment in Africa is helping some of the poorer countries to develop infrastructure, healthcare and education

Answer 423

Newly emerging

Answer 424

As it is an emerging economy, much like China

Answer 425

MERCOSUR and Pacific Alliance

Answer 426

Traditional customs union, operates similarly to the EU. It allows free movement of labour between member states. Nature of its produce allows trade globally but tends to view the EU and USA as its main markets.

Answer 427

'Common market of the South'

Answer 428

Pacific alliance has been more open to bilateral agreements with other nations and trading entities and it sees the Asia Pacific and the USA as its main market.

Answer 429

The TTP agreement (Trans-Pacific Partnership)

Answer 430

In terms of individual economies and volume of trade

Answer 431

They could join to form one Latin American Union which would be a major player flows lot

Answer 432

The European Union

Answer 433

It allows for regional governance as well as economic cooperation

Answer 434

After WW2 - the origins were based on a simple premise - that countries who trade with each other (become economically interdependent) are less likely to be in conflict

Answer 435

Legally binding treaties, agreed by all member countries, governs life for 500 million EU citizens. 175 million citizens have a single currency - the Euro. EU policies cover every aspect of our lives, from human rights to the environment.

Answer 436

Only be exiting the EU via a referendum (e.g the Uk in 2016)

Answer 437

Half a century of relative stability, peace and prosperity for its member states

Answer 438

European council -> European Commission -> European Parliament -> council of the European Union -> member states

Answer 439

Sets the EUs overall political direction and priorities.

Answer 440

The heads of state or government of EU member countries

Answer 441

An executive body that is responsible for proposing and implementing EU laws, monitoring treaties and the day-to-day running of the EU.

Answer 442

EU national governments

Answer 443

500 million EU citizens and is directly elected by them

Answer 444

Adopts the laws proposed by the European Commission. Shares power over EU budget and legislation with the council of the European Union.

Answer 445

Represents the government of member counties and promotes / defends national interests. The government ministers share power over EU budget and legislation with the European Parliament

Answer 446

Implement the laws passed by the EU. The commission ensures that the laws are properly applied and implemented

Answer 447

Because it had debts of over 4 billion euros, including over 3 billion to the European Central Bank

Answer 448

That membership would 'pose serious problems for both Greece and the EU community... And a substantial economic programme is needed to enable Greece to accelerate the necessary structural reforms'

Answer 449

1980 in a so called 'Mediterranean expansion'

Answer 450

Increasing amounts of money were spent by a government funding a massive inefficient and unsustainable public sector (public sector wages doubled in a decade and accounted for 40% of the total economy)

Answer 451

Partly by increasingly taxes (although the widespread tax evasion remained) and also government borrowing

Answer 452

The global financial downturn of 2008

Answer 453

110bn euros followed by a further 109bn in 2011

Answer 454

If Greece still had its own currency, it could have been devalued to make its exports more competitive and its imports less so. This is not possible with the euro.

Answer 455

By increasingly efficiency - reducing the wage bill by increasing unemployment (nearly 28% by 2013)

Answer 456

Due to increased experts to Greece, even though it has been heavily involved in the financial bailouts

Answer 457

More than 1 million (this didn't help them with their recovery)

Answer 458

Stem the flow of migrants, despite protestations from the UN High Commissioned for Refugees (UNHCR)

Answer 459

Greece imports nearly 50% of its food and 80% of its energy from abroad and consequently benefits from being part of the European free market. Any 'Grexit' would drastically change Greeces trade balance and might cause bankruptcies and high inflation with an associated huge knock on social cost. Greece would find it difficult to borrow further and would therefore have to pass on increased living costs to the population (everything would be more expensive)

Answer 460

An independent Greece may be able to trade more felt and to take more advantage of its location and geography. It would be free of EU legislation and control, and might be able to newly position itself as the regional trading hub and gateway into the Middle East, Balkans or Russia. National needs might be set in a more sustainable and local way. A Grexit would see the rerun of the drachma as currency and, with it, flexibility of exchange rates. Imports may become more expensive but may, in turn, spur job growth and economic growth.

Answer 461

Developed countries

Answer 462

Because developed counties often put higher tariffs on goods imported from less developed countries. Developed countries also have more money to invest, so they can avoid high tariffs imposed by developing countries by opening factories within them. LICS may also rely on loans that depend on them removing trade barriers and increasing access to their markets. LICS outside trade blocs may have to pay high tariffs to export their goods to those in the trade bloc putting them at a disadvantage.

Answer 463

Member countries have access to their markets of all the member countries

Answer 464

A lot of wealthy buyers

Answer 465

Multilateral trading systems for most of the post-war period

Answer 466

There ware a growing number of newly independent nations and it was recognised that protectionist policies would exclude many developing countries from trading freely with more developed nations (they would encounter tariffs or quota barriers)

Answer 467

The UN General Assembly in 1971

Answer 468

They wanted to provide least developed among the developing counties with special support measures to overcome their specific disadvantages

Answer 469

Officials development assistance. Preferential access to developed markets in trade agreements. Provision of SDTs.

Answer 470

Tackle structural handicaps that characterise LDCs, which are: a low level of income, a concentration on export of primary goods (commodities), vulnerability to export price volatility. Engage in world trade on a more advantageous level by: providing incentives for export diversification, allowing more stable export revenues. Promoting faster income growth and development.

Answer 471

1. Special and differential treatment is an acquired political right. 2. Developing counties should enjoy privileged access to the markets of their trading partners, particularly developed counties. 3. Developing countries should have the right to restrict imports to a greater degree than developing counties. 4. Developing counties should be allowed additional freedom to subsidise exports. 5. Developing counties should be allowed flexibility in respect of the application of certain WTO rules, or to postpone the application of rules.

Answer 472

How easy it is for countries and companies to trade with one another

Answer 473

The extent of export and import barriers between two countries

Answer 474

Wealth and being a member of a trading bloc

Answer 475

The EUs Everything but Arms (EBA)

Answer 476

2001, to accept access for all products from LDCs (except arms and ammunition) on a duty-rescued, quota-free basis. Similarly, the Us extends duty-free treatment to nearly 2000 products from qualifying African countries

Answer 477

Promotes economic development in less developed countries. Differential access has allowed many counties to diversify their economies, achieve economic take off and lift some of their population out of poverty. Helped many counties to develop service and tourism industries, and in some cases manufacturing (less successful)

Answer 478

Not all LDCs are members of the WTO and the time taken to acceded after application can be lengthy (8-10 years) WTO trade talks (Doha rounds) have recognised that SDT measures need to be made more effective and operational. Some of the lack of effectiveness of the SDT is due to the fact that LDCs are not fully aware of the, and, when aware, do not make productive use of them. Some measures have not been tailored to the conditions prevailing in most LDCs. Concern among richer nations that non-reciprocal and preferential trading agreements given to less developed counties will result in cheaper imports flooding markets and undermine their own industrial base (this has already happened with the growth of newly industrialising countries). They are difficult to apply in a fair or standardised manner.

Answer 479

The lack of reciprocity in the agreements

Answer 480

Unilateral trade agreements between poorer counties and richer trading partners e.g Mexico was previously a beneficiary of preferential access to Canadian and US markets, but has arguably benefitted more as a member of NAFTA having to accept reciprocal arrangements with its co-members

Answer 481

Sub-regional free trade areas and custom unions among developing countries

Answer 482

They greatly enhance the negotiating leverage of their members in trade negotiations and many offer more to least developed countries in the long term

Answer 483

To address the shortcoming of differential access because it is clear that SDT agreements have a role in removing some of the inequalities in international trade

Answer 484

It's hard for counties with poor market access to establish new industries. This makes them dependent on selling low-value primary products (e.g agricultural goods). Counties with high levels of market access tend to see more economic growth because they can trade more.

Answer 485

Because they face high tariffs when they try to sell abroad, making their products uncompetitive, and they may be undercut in their domestic markets by TNCs producing similar products more cheaply

Answer 486

They tend to fluctuate in price, so counties with poor market access often have low Gross National Income (GNI). This means they have less money to invest in industry, so their economic development is slow.

Answer 487

The citizens are wealthier, they can afford to import a range of products and they can develop high-tech industries which boost their economy further.

Answer 488

People I'm counties with better market access tend to have higher-paid jobs. Counties with less market access have less money a aisle for education and health care so quality of life is generally lower. Much dangerous, poorly paid work has moved from developed counties to less developed counties.

Answer 489

They get more disposable income, which increases their standard of living

Answer 490

Better access to jobs for women and ethnic minorities, giving them more power to shape their own lives and societies.

Answer 491

Sweatshops are crowded, dangerous factories, whose workers are paid little and work long hours and some sweatshops employ children

Answer 492

Many developing counties export primary products e.g copper ore which are processed in developing counties e.g into electronic components and exported at a higher price. The developed country makes more profit than the developing country. So wages are higher

Answer 493

That a wide range of goods are available in developed countries which increases people's standards of living

Answer 494

If something goes wrong, other counties are affected e.g the financial crisis of 2008 increased rates of unemployment in many countries

Answer 495

Companies that operate in more tha one country and play an important role in the global economy. They have grown in size and number

Answer 496

Truely global counties producing global products

Answer 497

Extracting natural resources e.g Shell

Answer 498

Making material goods e.g Toyota

Answer 499

Producing services e.g Aviva (insurance)

Answer 500

Investment, new technology and can promote culture (e.g McDonalds with western style fast food)

Answer 501

Political investment, the creation of jobs and provision of technology means they can have a political influence

Answer 502

Because of the economic, political and cultural interaction that occur between counties where they operate

Answer 503

Because of their spatial organisation they create a global supply chain. They also link companies and counties by expanding their operations

Answer 504

Because the largest firms might have offices, branch plants and retail outlets in almost every country of the world

Answer 505

Headquarters in the country of origin. In developed counties they are in big cities which are well connected in terms of global transport and communications and there is a high supply of high skilled workers. Research and Developement (R&D) facilities tend to be where there is a supply of highly educated people e.g scientists and engineers. They are often in the same country as the headquarters. Some TNCs have R&D facilities closer to the markets they are selling to, so they can make products that are specifically for that market. Production takes place where costs are lower e.g labour, materials and land. Many TNCs have factories in the countries where their marker is. If a product is made in the country where it is sold the TNCs csn avoid paying import and export taxes and can reduce transport cost.

Answer 506

A hierarchical model or organisation and impose top-down decision-making. In other words, branch plants tend to be recipients of change rather than making decisions.

Answer 507

TNCs tend to adopt top-down decision making so branch plants tend to be recipients of change rather than making decisions.

Answer 508

When two companies (usually a similar size) agree to become one bigger company. This helps links form between two counties where the two companies operate

Answer 509

Mergers Acquisitions Using subcontractors FDI

Answer 510

When one company buys another (usually smaller) company

Answer 511

TNCs can use foreign companies to manufacture products without actually owning the business e.g Nike products are not always made in factories Nike owned. This links the countries of the TNC and the subcontracted company together

Answer 512

Involve mergers, acquisitions and using subcontractors e.t in HSBC acquire a bank in Indonesia they're investing money there (that's FDI)

Answer 513

Them to control and coordinate economic activities in different countries and also between units of the same corporation in more than one country. In this way, the TNC can lessen the impacts of trade restrictions, such as quotas and negotiate more favourable terms of trade

Answer 514

Horizontal integration | Vertical integration

Answer 515

Involves improving links between different firms in the same stage of production. This usually occurs when a TNC acquires competitors in the same industry and uses common structures to make cost savings. It results in a smaller number of firms controlling a given sector of the market e.g In 2006 Disney took over PIXAR studios

Answer 516

Describes an industry when one company either owns or controls multiple stages in the production and distribution chain. This type of organisation gives the company significant economic advantages over competitors e.g increased bargaining power with end purchaser or nation stats. E.g Shell now owns every part of its supply chain from refining oil through to selling to consumers in petrol stations

Answer 517

Lower wage bills, the avoidance of costly bills for pension schemes and less stringent health and safety policies for workers. Gives greater flexibility to allocate resources and capital to brands.

Answer 518

When cooperations such as Nike source products from suppliers rather than directly employing factory workers themselves u

Answer 519

They create global supply chain and means they get the most value from the whole supply chain

Answer 520

Spacial differences in factors of production and government policies across all the countries in which they operate.they can choose least cost locations on a global scale.

Answer 521

``` Costs of labour. Access to skilled workers. Cost/availability of raw materials. Cost of land and building. Availability of capital. Availability of tax incentives and subsidies. Government policies. Trade barriers. Environmental and labour regulations. Work ethic. ```

Answer 522

They may choose locations where there is investment in education so workers are easier to train

Answer 523

Call centres are outsourced to India because of the high proportion on well-educated English speaking workers (also low cost)

Answer 524

Unexploited resources have been more available in developing economies and developed country reserves have been depleted. However, rising world prices and new technologies (e.g hydraulic fracturing, 'fracking', for oil/gas) can make access to raw materials viable in the home country

Answer 525

Land can be cheap in places where deindustrialisation has occurred

Answer 526

Governments may encourage investment

Answer 527

By locating in a country they may avoid e.g tariffs

Answer 528

Weak regulations allow TNCs to cut costs

Answer 529

For secondary industries, workers willing to work long hours, with few holidays in a non-unionised environment can be a locational advantage

Answer 530

They often have elaborate company structures, which sit beneath the overarching umbrella of their organisation

Answer 531

They give tax breaks that attract large corporations to rent employ offices in places thousands of miles away from their employees

Answer 532

The flexibility of production and spreading of locational risks means that should e.g the local economic climate change or a nah real hazard occur, global operations are not seriously affected

Answer 533

In developed regions to give access to large markets

Answer 534

``` Mergers and takeovers. Flexible workforce. Availability of finance to fund expansions. Globalised transport network. Technological developments. ```

Answer 535

They allow big businesses to buy out smaller competitors or increase their market share (leading to an eventual monopoly). E.g UK-based EMIs US$20 billion merger with Time-Warner created the worlds largest music firm

Answer 536

Willingness to travel to jobs overseas or be retrained in situ e.g training of call centre employees in India for UK-based companies

Answer 537

TNCS from emerging economies have heavily invested overseas to increase their portfolios e.g the Indian Tata steel bought the Anglo-Dutch company Corus Steel in 2006 and Tat Mofors acquired the high-end Jaguar Land Roved and Daimler car brands from Ford in 2008

Answer 538

Containerisation has revolutionised the movement of goods by creating a standard transport product that can be handled anywhere in the world - ships, trucks, barges and rail wagons are all designed to handle containers of the same shape and size

Answer 539

E,g refrigeration or freeze drying allows perishable fruit and vegetables for LICs to be transported to markets in HICs

Answer 540

They operate in many counties and have a lot of money to spend on advertising and have large marketing departments.

Answer 541

By selling and marketing the same of a similar product everywhere - the aim of many TNCs is to create a brand that is recognised globally

Answer 542

consumers will buy the product without continued marketing

Answer 543

Cadbury made their chocolate sweeter in China and McDonals do not serve beef or pork at its Indian locations

Answer 544

Describes the process in which TNCs adapt what they offer their customers depending on where in the world they work, or at least market it differently. They do this by gaining knowledge of local markets and adjusting the marketing accordingly, and may change product to reflect national cultures

Answer 545

Those with decentralised authority because the development of new products and services to suit a new marker is a costly exercise and must be informed by local knowledge and insight into the culture, to successfully tap into what buyers really want

Answer 546

When one division of a TNC trades with another part of the TNC e.g Technology TNC Intel assemble microchips in Costa Rica but sells them in the USA, to get products from Costa Rica to the USA, Intels Costs Rican subsidiary 'sells' them to Intel in the USA.

Answer 547

Trade figures - belived to make up 30-50% of international trade

Answer 548

Company managment rather than the market, giving TNCs advantage over smaller businesses, and a lot of power over global trade

Answer 549

A multiplier effect e.g opening a new factory creates jobs in the local area, which means people have more money to spend, which helps local businesses and governments (who can raise taxes)

Answer 550

Trade as part of the global supply chain e.g Taiwanese company Foxconn is integral to several supply chains as it is the main manufacturer of devices for Apple, Microsoft and Amazon

Answer 551

Increase employment and thereby raise living standards. Improve levels of skill and expertise. Foreign currency brought in, improving the balance of payments. Socio-economic multiplier effect. This includes increased purchasing power (particularly in LICs) that, in turn, leads to demand for consumer goods and further economic growth. Encourages a transfer of technology into the country e.g the growth of telecommunications.

Answer 552

Development of higher-order jobs such as in research and development or management. Overseas investment adds to income for the whole nation (via tax and other multiplier effects) Wider share ownership - individuals and companies more willing to become involved in foreign investments.

Answer 553

Many jobs are low skill in LICs. Managerial positions tend to be brought in rather than developed locally. Majority of profits are sent back to home countries. Multiplier effect can also be negative, e.g on the environment; political muscle of TNCs can be too aggressive and corners can be cut in terms of health and safety and employee rights. Poor working conditions. Exploitation of resources and or environment. Negative impact on local culture. Investment may only be short-term and TNC may pull out at short notice.

Answer 554

Workforce may need to relocate or make increased visits to operations overseas. Loss of manufacturing jobs/ unemployment. Deindustrialisation. As a result of loopholes, cooperation (business) tax is not paid fully by all TNCs. Speculative investments in TNCs for quick returns helped contribute to the global 2008 financial downturn.

Answer 555

They may benefit from lower costs and access to resources and markets. However, ethical issues such as the images of environmental damage or sweatshops can be detrimental to their reputation.

Answer 556

Many of the larger companies are relocating to places with lower labour costs and weaker legislation. Work involves long shifts in unbearable heat and many workers fail to earn enough to cover their basic needs

Answer 557

Aims to pay farmers a guaranteed minimum price, offer fair terms of trade and pay an additional development premium for reinvestment in the local community

Answer 558

Organisations in the economic ‘North’ and ‘South’ e.g by enabling charities in HICs to help developing capabilities of cooperative and marketing organisations in LICs, that in turn advised, organised and in some cases lent seed money to disadvantaged producers

Answer 559

4 international trade networks: fairtrade labelling organisations international, world fairtrade, network of European world shops and European fairtrade Association

Answer 560

In the US in the law 1940s - at first its focus was on handicrafts

Answer 561

Trade not aid

Answer 562

Consumer awareness and the influence of TNCs has significantly decreased

Answer 563

The creation of an international monitoring system

Answer 564

The independent company with the job of inspecting and certifying producer organisations and auditing traders

Answer 565

A number of relevant points about trade, especially in primary commodities

Answer 566

Mass production in developing countries will have negative environmental consequences. TNCs have a large element of control of markers and can influence political decisions WTO will support free trade against protectionist activities or agreements at all costs, even if the protection may be to help development. Geopolitical processes mean that trade disputes can escalate to trade wars between regional trading blocs. Power and control of food production has shifted away from growers and towards retailers in high-income countries. Supermarket price wars may ultimately decide how food is produced. More ethical, sustainable consumer markets are growing but relatively slowly and only in places that can afford products bought at a higher price.

Answer 567

Newly industrialising countries. Transnational corporations. International organisations. Regional trading blocs.

Answer 568

Some medium-income nations have developed rapidly as a result of inward investment and have emerged to become major economic powers competing with the richer developed regions of the world

Answer 569

Global powers

Answer 570

Organisations such as the MF, the World Bank and WTO have all contributed to the globalisation of economies and have consolidated their position and control in world affairs

Answer 571

More trade agreements have evolved which benefit their members, though some would argue that it is at the expense of the nation state

Answer 572

In Asia or Africa

Answer 573

Lower prices for consumers. Greater choice. Access to larger, wealthy markets for TNCs. Greater economies of scale through increased specialisation. Greater foreign competition may weaken domestic monopolies (e.g UK supermarkets) Competition leads to greater innovation. Access to cheaper raw materials for TNCs.

Answer 574

The injustice of free trade not giving sufficient ‘protection’ to emerging industries in developing economies so they cannot compete with developed countries in the free market. More developed economies are still protected by tariffs on agricultural imports. The unjust exploitation of workers and poor working conditions. Diseconomies of scale as a result of difficulties coordinating subsidiary companies.

Answer 575

The increased risk associated with the independence of economies as a negative economic shock in one country can quickly spread to other countries

Answer 576

If it affects a country’s banking system e.g the 2008-2009 global financial crisis was initiated by the collapse of lending the US sub-prime

Answer 577

It has allowed greater sharing of ideas, lifestyles and traditions. People have greater access to foreign culture such as film, music, food, clothing and other goods and services that were not previously available domestically.

Answer 578

Increased cultural homogeny which has damaged individual traditions and means less diversity

Answer 579

The distinction between countries to fade

Answer 580

In a bid to offset critics of the standardisation of products on a global scale

Answer 581

Thinking globally but acting locally to reduce threats to cultural dilution - products are more likely to be successful when they are customised for the local market

Answer 582

It can be positive in informing people of environmental issues such as climate change but can be used negatively e.g for propaganda purposes by terrorist organisations

Answer 583

Become more diverse economies. Creation of jobs increases taxes and spending power - can create a multiplier effect. Higher value exports - not just low value primary products. Investment brings improvements in infrastructure. Investment generates jobs and improves living standards. Transfer of skills, technology and capital. Incentives to specialise.

Answer 584

TNCs profits taken from country (leakage). Low pay by TNCs forces wages down. Tax breaks or tax avoidance by TNCs. Inequalities in incomes increase: Small local producers suffocated by foreign investment. Over-specialisation in one commodity or industry - vulnerable to changes in global demand. Too reliant on TNC investment.

Answer 585

With greater movement and use of resources

Answer 586

It is concerned primarily with economic costs and largely ignores environmental costs

Answer 587

More transpiration which increases greenhouse gas emissions. Depletion or non-renewable resources. TNCs outsourcing production to countries where environmental standards are less strict. Weak or non-existent controls allowing pollution of the air, land, rivers and seas. More waste from packaging. IMF-enforced spending cuts reducing many nations spending on the environment. Greater movement giving a higher risk of invasive specifies being introduced.

Answer 588

There is no widely agreed definition, many geographers describe it as a movement rather than an entity others refer to it as a concept. It is essentially an international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements 'governing' the actions of these same players

Answer 589

As the 'sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their global affairs'

Answer 590

The range of so-called actors managing global affairs includes nation states, profit-making companies, international and regional organisations (such as the EU) and their participation in this process may be reactive or proactive

Answer 591

The ways in which global affairs affecting the world are managed

Answer 592

By individual state governments, co-operations is usually negotiated between counties, which agree to abide by similar rules given in signed treaties or international laws

Answer 593

Because the world is becoming more interdependent

Answer 594

Environmental sustainability is at the forefront of our concerns, not least our utilisation of the continent of Antarctica

Answer 595

Legislate and invest To implement international initiatives Laws Targets or agreements

Answer 596

Libby for and contribute to international discussions | Votes and decisions

Answer 597

The U.K. Governments recent support for renewable energy sources, to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and climate-changing emissions is, in part, a response to new EU laws in dirty power stations

Answer 598

Some national governments have more influence than others on the UN Security Council, China, France, Russia, The UK and the USA are all permanent members of the UN Security Council and often take leadership roles in conflict resolution

Answer 599

Compensate and adopt new codes of conduct or working practices imposed by legislation or socio-economic pressure

Answer 600

Sponsor and support the work of NGOs and international organisations

Answer 601

In the wake of collapse of the eight-storey Rana Plaza building near Dhaka, in Bangladesh, clothing company Primark (part of the multinational company Assoicated British Foods) paid compensation and provided emergency aid to the victims of the disaster

Answer 602

Tobacco companies sponsor anti-smoking NGOs within LICs,C for example in south east Asia, to publicise the health risks of smoking, thereby protecting themselves from the sort of las suits seen in HIC in recent decades

Answer 603

Respond to global events to offer advice to national governments and publicise the work of NGOs already on the ground

Answer 604

Sponsor, facilitate and publicise international issues and agreements to address them

Answer 605

The WHO was late to offer guidance on how to contain the Ebola virus in the early stages of the recent epidemic in West Africa

Answer 606

In 2013, the UNI Global Union, in alliance with leading NGOs, sponsored and crested the legally binding Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety, to protect working conditions in the ready-made garment industry. The accord has been signed by 200 clothing companies (from over 20 counties), leading to the inspection of 1500 factories in the first two years

Answer 607

That governments are losing their influence and that corporations now have more power to control resources, capital and labour

Answer 608

To name the process of designating laws, rules or regulations intended to manage global systems, for example the laws governing international trade

Answer 609

``` Reducing environmental problems Trade and investment inequities Civil conflict Human right violations Reduction of poverty Financial instability ```

Answer 610

Non-government organisation

Answer 611

Sustainable development goals

Answer 612

United Nations Development Programme

Answer 613

United Nations Environment Programme

Answer 614

World Health Organisation

Answer 615

World Summit on Sustainable Development

Answer 616

World Trade Organisation

Answer 617

Promoting growth, stability and the development of all regions sustainably, both economically and environmentally

Answer 618

The United Nations (UN) such as the United Nations Development Programma (UNDP)

Answer 619

'World government' with the political authority to exercise jurisdiction over executive, judicial, legislative or military affairs for the whole planet

Answer 620

Mainly advisory; its purpose is to foster co-operation between state governments, rather than exerting authority over them

Answer 621

To take responsibility for managing specific aspects of an increasingly inter-related world, such as regulating the rules of trade or dealing with international public health issues

Answer 622

Ensure justice and equality for people across the world or to campaign for environmental sustainability

Answer 623

They have the authority to challenge the excesses of negative TNC impacts and of governments supporting them

Answer 624

Protection - providing relief to victims of disaster and assisting the poor 'give a man a fish' Prevention - reducing people's vulnerability, through income diversification and savings 'teach a man to fish' Promotion - increasing people's chances and opportunities 'organise a fishermans co-op' Transformation - redressing social, political and economic exclusion or oppression 'protect fishing and fishing rights'

Answer 625

To eradicate poverty and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion.

Answer 626

Has been to lead the drive in meeting the Millennium Development goals (MDGs) which eight anti-poverty targets were set in September 2000 and world committed to achieve them by 2015.

Answer 627

The Sustainable Development Goals for the next 15 years. The new agenda is to finish the work of the MDGs, leaving no countries behind

Answer 628

``` To strengthen post-2015 frameworks for: Development Disaster risk reduction Climate change Global sustainable development ```

Answer 629

At the Sustainable Development Summit in New York in September, 2015

Answer 630

``` No poverty Zero hunger Good health and well being Quality education Gender equality Clean water and sanitation Affordable and clean energy Decent work and economic growth Industry, innovation and infrastructure Reduced inequality Sustainable cities and communities Responsible consumption and production Climate action Life below water Life on land Peace, justice and strong institutions Partnerships for the goals ```

Answer 631

``` The UNDP (SDGs) The WTO The WSSD The UNEP World summits on climate change ```

Answer 632

As a response to globalisation

Answer 633

Injustice has Been accentuated in other ways

Answer 634

They are responsible, through negotiations, for combating explorative practices used by some countries and TNCs, and for removing the protectionist policies adopted by some governments and trading blocs

Answer 635

Held in Rio de Janiero in 1992. It was important in setting our Agenda 21, a voluntary action plan agreed by many governments to develop strategies for long-term sustainable development. 10 years after, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was developed

Answer 636

Thousands of participants, including heads of state, national delegates and leaders from NGOs and businesses

Answer 637

Improving people's lives and conserving our natural resources in a world that is growing in population, with an ever increasing demand for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health services and economic security

Answer 638

To help involve government leaders at the highest level, including Rio + 20 in 2012

Answer 639

To reinvigorate the global commitment to sustainable development. To assess progress on sustainable Development goals and targets. To advance international cooperation on sustainable development.

Answer 640

" good governance, within each country and at the international level, is essential for sustainable development"

Answer 641

Supporting a coherent struggle of international environmental governance

Answer 642

Since 1972 and has confined to grow stature alongside in reading concern about human impact on the global environment

Answer 643

' to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations'

Answer 644

The original sustainable development definition given to us by the pre-Rio Brundtland Commission in 1987

Answer 645

The UN-system preparations for the post-2015 UN development Agenda - the sustainable development goals

Answer 646

The global commons

Answer 647

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - the body responsible for overseeing negotiations on reducing greenhouse gas emissions between nations

Answer 648

A historic, legally-binding climate deal was stuck by world leaders, which will come into force in 2020. After nearly 20 years of disagreement (mainly between the USA and rapidly industrialising economies like China) since the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, all 187 counties at the summit will combine pledges and work together to combat this important global threat. The main aim is to hold global temperatures to a rise of 1.5*C in order to avert the worst effects of global warming and climate change

Answer 649

All countries will voluntarily cut emissions. A long term aim to reduce the net emissions to zero in the second half of the 21st century. That richer developed counties, and some wealthy developing countries, will pledge $100 billion each year to help developing counties adapt to climate change. A review mechanism to increase pledges every five years (if they are insufficient) to keep warming below 2*c. A loss-and-damage mechanism for addressing losses that vulnerable counties face from climate change (such as rising sea levels and increasing storm intensity)

Answer 650

If there is clear communication and understanding of strategies at all scales from global to local (or vice a versa). This clarity is often provided by NGOs which operate across boundaries at all levels - the 'Agenda 21' has equally attempted to engage governments and individuals at all levels

Answer 651

From local and national settings and have increasingly become 'international' organisations

Answer 652

To: Democratise decision-making (for example, persuading governments to consider 'bottom up' approaches) Protect human rights Provide essential services to the most needy

Answer 653

Operational and advocacy (campaigning) - both are funded by charitable donations but some also receive money from governments and others from businesses (though this may compromise their independence)

Answer 654

Those providing front-line support services to the next (e.g Oxfam); tend to raise money for each project they undertake

Answer 655

Those who focus on campaigns to raise awareness to gain support for a cause (for example, friends of the earth); derive money from donations and, in some cases, from membership subscriptions

Answer 656

Other stakeholders like governments and international organisations

Answer 657

Supporting development

Answer 658

The only coordinated organisations to provide a voice for the poor of the world

Answer 659

With greater communication and awareness of issues greater than individual counties as they draw together people focusing on global trade issues and do no tie themselves to the interests of any government

Answer 660

Globalisation allows counties to pool resources to solve global issues. Greater integration of information and people create better understanding between people of different backgrounds or cultures.

Answer 661

FDIs being capital into a country - this can be used to I,rocks education and infrastructure. This in turn csn attract further trade and investment leading to further development. Global institutions like the world bank csn direct resources to help counties further.

Answer 662

As counties become more interconnected they become more dependent on one another. This discourages actions that would upset global stability because of the negative consequences for all counties.

Answer 663

Global trade allows counties to profit from their natural resources and specialist industries, generating wealth. Counties csn gain products and services they would be unable to produce themselves. Greater access to money and products improves people's standards of living.

Answer 664

Within counties - divide created between the rich and the poor - when companies move low-skilled jobs to developed countries, low-skilled workers in developed countries find it more difficult to earn money. Between counties - developed countries have greater access to capital and technology, meaning they have an advance over less developed countries.

Answer 665

Developed countries have intervened in conflicts in order to secure access to natural resources like oil. Cyber warfare- new source of conflict - counties, companies and individuals are dependant on the Internet, so attacks on their computer systems can have a large impact.

Answer 666

I rooted transport and communications system have made human trafficking easier. Many people in less developed countries have to work in sweatshops to make products for people in developed counties.

Answer 667

Global trade increases the amount of transportation required, which means more pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Access to resources from around the world causes deforestation (e.g rainforests for oilseed plantations) and overfishing. Global trade can lead to a race to the bottom, in which counties and companies ignore environmental impacts in order to produce cheaper goods. The abundance of cheap products around the world means people can afford to be more wasteful, creating more landfill.

Answer 668

National governments can't tackle climate change alone or coordinate the response to a global disease epidemic

Answer 669

Global norms, laws and institutions

Answer 670

Rules that are established by counties through international agreements. They are legally binging. The laws cover human rights, labour standards, trade regulations

Answer 671

Accepted standards of behaviour - there ads usually negstive consequences for countries, companies or individuals who don't follow them e.g it is generally believed that people have the right to freedom of speech - counties that restrict this right may face international condemnation

Answer 672

Political and legal organisations. They exist to pass and enforce laws, decide whether a law has been broken, or act as a forum for different groups to discuss issues and sort of their differences. At the global scale, they include the United Nations, the World Trade Organisation and the International Criminal Court

Answer 673

By setting up rules counties and companies should follow, monitoring whether they follow the rules, and enforcing the rules if they aren't followed. Enforcement includes taking a country or company to an international court, or imposing economic sanctions like withdrawing trade

Answer 674

By setting rules, global governance makes everyone taking part in the global system act a certain way. This ensures that newcomers also act in that way e.g in 2011 South Sudan joined the UN, agreeing to follow the UN charter like all other member nations so the global system is spread

Answer 675

Growth (improving the economy or society) and stability (making sure there are no sudden changes in the economy or society)

Answer 676

The rules enforced means that counties must abide by common rules. Gives greater stability becsuse countries know how other counties are likely to react in a situation, making conflict less likely.

Answer 677

That counties cannot take advantage of each other

Answer 678

It aims to increase global trade through common rules - more trade leads to economic growth and rules make trade more predicitable, increasing stability.

Answer 679

They give development loans to less developed counties to increase economic growth

Answer 680

It combats epidemics

Answer 681

That the benefits of scientific advances are shared amongst all countries

Answer 682

Counties sign up to international laws and institutions voluntarily - if a country doesn't sign or formally approve of s treaty, then they are not bound by the laws that the treaty sets out. It can also be difficult to make countries and TNCs comply with the rules e.g in 2016 China ignored a court ruling that claims over the South China Sea went against international law. Other countries have no brought economic sanctions against China, partly becsuse China is so important to the global economy. Some people think that global institutions act for political reasons e.g it is alleged that some countries have used the international criminal court to remove people they don't want in power in African nations.

Answer 683

Conditional loans (Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPS) e.g to receive a loan from the IMF or World Bank, less developed counties have to implement free trade policies and cut government spending (often on education and health care)

Answer 684

G7 (a forum for seven of the wealthiest developed counties)

Answer 685

Veto resolutions e.g between 2011 and 2016, Russia and China vetoed several resolutions to intervene in the Syrian War

Answer 686

United Nations Security Council

Answer 687

In 1945 to establish a peaceful and fair world

Answer 688

193 members

Answer 689

Because practically every country in the world is a member

Answer 690

The United Nations Charter - this sets out the basic principles of global governance and the functions of the UN

Answer 691

To maintain global peace and security To develop friendly relations between nations To use cooperation to solve international problems To bring countries together to settle disputes

Answer 692

Several organisations e.g the UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining global peace and security and the General Assembly acts as a 'Parliament of nations' and makes decisions on a range of issues

Answer 693

The UN Millennium Development Goals have helped reduce the number of people living in poverty, increased the number of children in primary school and reduced child and maternal mortality rates. In 2015. The UN set new targets for 2030 to promote confined sustainable development

Answer 694

UN peacekeeping missions csn help to end wars e.g peaceful elections were held in Côte d'lvoire in 2015 after years of civil war

Answer 695

Developed countries hold the most power over decision taken at the UN. Many of the global issues tackled by the UN affect African counties the most e.g refugee crisis, but no African country has a permanent seat at the UN Security Council, which makes the final decision

Answer 696

At times the UN has been ineffective. E.g in 1995, UN peacekeepers failed to protect 8000 people in Srebrencia in south east Europe when they were massacred by Bosnian Serbs

Answer 697

European Union

Answer 698

UK Parliament

Answer 699

Scottish Parliament

Answer 700

Local councils

Answer 701

Institutions at the international, national, regional and local scale e.g in 2015, the UN passed the Paris climate change agreement. Institutions from the international level down to the local level had to change their policies to fit with the new agreement

Answer 702

Institutions at the global level e.g in October 2016, a regional government in Wallonia, Belgium temporality blocked a trade deal between the EU and Canada

Answer 703

Some NGOs lobby for national governments to create laws e.g Greenpeace campaign for more environmental protection, whilst others act at a local scale e.g helping communities gain access to safe water

Answer 704

Resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of ant one nation state. It is a term used to describe supra-national 'spaces' in which common shared resources can be found

Answer 705

The ocean The atmosphere Antarctica Outer space

Answer 706

Cyberspace as it meets the definition of a 'global common' by being a resource that is shared by all but not controlled by a single nation

Answer 707

The development of worldwide web, one of the main drivers of globalisation

Answer 708

The principle of the common heritage of mankind

Answer 709

That some localities belong to all humanity and that the resources there are available for everyone's use and benefit. It includes taking into account future future generations and the needs of developing counties.

Answer 710

Difficult (with the exception of fishing and whaling on the high seas)

Answer 711

Advances in science and technology

Answer 712

Greater scarcity of resources, especially minerals, fuels and foods

Answer 713

It is being put under increasing pressure

Answer 714

This concept explains why shared 'common access resources' of any type are likely to be overexploited. If individuals act independently and according to their self-interest, this will be contrary to the interest of their whole group becsuse the shared resource will become depleted

Answer 715

It has been overfished leading to depletion, marine pollution and loss of sustainability - the concept of 'the tragedy of the commons'

Answer 716

The need for international law and clear rules of global governance

Answer 717

A number of international laws or treaties of one kind or another

Answer 718

The UN Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS)

Answer 719

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer and the Kyoto Protocol which sets limits on carbon emissions into the atmosphere

Answer 720

The Antarctic Treaty Systems (ATS)

Answer 721

The 1979 Moon Treaty which governs exploration and exploitation of its resources and the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space

Global Governance Flashcards

(797 cards)