Global Migration Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the contemporary patterns of global migration
Migration - linked to the process of globalisation
Volumes, scale, direction and demographics of migration flow are constantly changing
Largest group of migrants are economic migrants seeking work in another country and sending remittances to their families at home
Also growing number of refugees and asylum seekers
Remittances
Funds sent to a migrants country of origin
Refugee
A person who has moved outside their country of nationality in order to escape war, persecution or natural hazards
Asylum seeker
A person who enters another country seeking refugee status due to fear for their life in their home country
Net migration
Difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants for a particular country
International migration
Main countries of origin for uk immigrants are India, Poland and Pakistan
Main countries of destination of Uk emigrants are Australia, USA and Canada
35%of immigrants in the uk live in London
Interegional migration
Migration to Europe to escape conflict in Africa and the Middle East
1885 people died in Mediterranean Sea crossings in 2019
Tunisia and Bangladesh accounted for the largest amount of migrants arriving in Italy by sea in 2020
Intra - regional migration
Within Europe
In 2019 1.4 million people in an eu country migrated to another
Germany is a popular place
Economic opportunities
In 2020 815000 poles living in the uk and 40k uk residents living in Poland
Reasons for relationship between migration and development for two main reasons
Migration can contribute to economic development by providing workforce and new skills
Inequalities in income levels between different countries generate movement of people seeking a better lifestyle
Values of remittances
Contribute to countries gdp
Boost spending power of the families who receive remittances
How global promotion can promote stability, economic growth and development
Stability - migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability of the recipient country
Where there is an aging population youthful migrant working populations contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth
Economic growth = the gdp and tax base of the host nation can be boosted by working migrants
Act as consumers so can stimulate local economies in host country even opening up new markets in demand for food, clothing, music etc
Development - skills and knowledge acquired by working migrants can be of benefit to countries of origin
Migrants can create networks
Flow of technology used to identify where most support is needed in crisis areas for refugees
How global migration causes inequalities, conflicts and injustices
Inequalities - countries of origin can lose a proportion of their youngest most and fittest element of their labour force
Often it is the better educated who migrate ‘ this represents a brain drain “ in country of origin
Migrant remittances can increase inequality
Social conflict can develop between host communities and newcomers - people of a particular culture or ethnic origin may find it difficult to integrate perhaps because of language
Immigration populations can be perceived to put pressure on service provision such as education, healthcare and housing
International borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities
Injustices
Migrants are vulnerable to violation of their human rights as a result of forced labour, exploitation of women and children and human trafficking
Treatment of asylum seekers can include being held in detention centres not being allowed to work
Refugees experience injustices in terms of shelter, food, water medicines and safety
Why has migration become increasingly complex?
Globalisation is leading to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations
InterRegional
Migration of highly skilled workers from China Indian Brazil to the USA, also migration of workers from countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to the oil producing Gulf states e.g. Saudi Arabia
Intraregional
An increase of the international migrant stock amongst association of South East Asian nations member states with flows of low skilled workers from country such as Cambodia to the fast growing economies of Thailand and Malaysia
High concentrations of young workers and female migrants
Trends of migration have been on the focus of young groups seeking economic benefits of migration and a large percentage of female migrants seeking better independence
Internal migration
Internal migration flows a occur for example within EDC such as Indian or Brazil where economic development is concentrated in the core areas such as urban areas
Young workers
Attracted more by employment opportunities higher wages and a better quality of life
Demand for labour and oil producing countries has resulted in young labour driven immigration
Migration of large numbers of young male construction workers from India to Saudi Arabia
Female migrants
51% of all migrants in developed countries are female in 2019
Greater independence, freedom, and status of female migrants
Increasing numbers of highly skilled women are migrating from Africa and Latin America
Also increasing numbers of female migrant from Indian in China to country’s such as Canada, USA and the UK where there is less discrimination in the labour market
South to south migrant flows
Due to
A number of fast growing economies in the south
An increase in the awareness of opportunities in countries in the south.
The increased cost of moving long distances from the south to the north
