Glucose Homeostasis - Lecture 22

Question 1

What is blood sugar essential for?

Answer 1

Skeletal muscle, CNE, nerves, etc.

Question 2

Hypoglycemia

Answer 2

Low Blood Sugar

Question 3

Hyperglycemia

Answer 3

High Blood Sugar

Question 4

Why is the blood sugar oscilating at around 5 mmol/L

Answer 4

This is the normal blood sugar; tightly controlled with insulin after every meal

Question 5

At what mmol/L do you see the effects of low glucose levels

Answer 5

2-3mmol/L

Question 6

What number indicates hyperglycemia?

Answer 6

9mmol/L

Question 7

Why is staying at 9mmol/L and above bad?

Answer 7

It’s unhealthy for the long term.

Question 8

How much sugar is circulating in your entire bloodstream?

Answer 8

4g of sugar = 5mmol/L

Question 9

How much glucose gets oxidized per minute

Answer 9

gram/minute

Question 10

What lowers blood sugar?

Answer 10

• Insulin Hormone
• Mild to Moderate Exercise

Question 11

What increases blood sugar?

Answer 11

• Carbs
• Stress (cortisol)
• Growth Hormone
• Glucagon hormone

Question 12

What should you do after exercise?

Answer 12

Pivot food to eating some carbs

Question 13

Where do glucagon and insulin come from?

Answer 13

Pancreas

Question 14

Pancreatic Islet

Answer 14

Found in the pancreas; produces alpha and beta cells

Question 15

What are alpha and beta cells?

Answer 15

Alpha cells produce glucagon: hormone increasing glucose
Beta cells produce insulin: hormone lowering glucose

Question 16

Reason for the name Pancreatic Islets?

Answer 16

Looks like an island of cells

Question 17

Portal Vein?

Answer 17

How insulin and glucagon travel through to the liver

Question 18

Purpose of Liver

Answer 18

It has receptors that detect glucagon and insulin so it controls glucose homeostasis.

Question 19

How does Glucagon and Insulin work?

Answer 19

They both work on the liver

Question 20

How does glucagon get its job done?

Answer 20

It makes the liver release stored glycogen into the bloodstream increasing blood sugar

Question 21

What does insulin do to the liver?

Answer 21

Makes the liver absorb the glucose from the bloodstream

Question 22

Does insulin work on other tissues? If so what are they?

Answer 22

Muscles and adipose tissue

Question 23

How does insulin work on adipose tissue

Answer 23

Similar function to liver where it makes the adipose tissue absorb the glucose.

Question 24

*What happens to the adipose tissue when they absorb glucose?

Answer 24

Adipose tissue is fat cells so glucose gets converted into fat

Question 25

*Consequence of glucose being pushed into fat cells all the time?

Answer 25

Having a high carb diet with no exercise means glucose gets pushed into fat cells and get bigger and bigger. FATTER HUMANS!!

Question 26

How does insulin play a role with glucose in muscle?

Answer 26

Insulin opens up the muscle to push (absorb) glucose in because glucose is crucial for muscles to work.

Question 27

Does skeletal muscle respond to glucagon or only liver?

Answer 27

It's only the liver that responds to glucagon

Question 28

Summary: What are the three things insulin does to get blood sugar down

Answer 28

Pushes glucose into liver, into adipose tissue and into muscle.

Question 29

Where is the blood glucose sensor when attached to the body?

Answer 29

The sensor is a small filament that only gets into the subcutaneous tissue (fat that can be pinched).

Question 30

What is a glucotype

Answer 30

Someone who doesn't have diabetes but look like they're at risk

Question 31

What are the main factors affecting sugar levels

Answer 31

Genes and Environment they live in.

Question 32

Why do some ethnicities have problems with sugar even though they exercise and manage health?

Answer 32

Insulin sensitivity and capacity to secrete insulin are deficient

Question 33

How does obesity play a role in glucose levels?

Answer 33

Obesity sets the stage for a disregulated glucose level

Question 34

Insulin resistance

Answer 34

Muscle and liver does not respond to insulin hormone; common in obese people

Question 35

What does having a blood sugar of 9 and above for quite a few hours indicative of?

Answer 35

Pre-diabetes or Type 2

Question 36

What has been seen with the blood sugar levels of athletic people?

Answer 36

Blood sugar goes up with exercise (unknown reason)

Question 37

Do athletes want Euglycemia, Hypoglycemia or Hyperglycemia when doing a marathon for example?

Answer 37

Euglycemia as insulin levels are low and stress hormones are pumping glucose.

Question 38

Carbohydrate gut training

Answer 38

Athletes train their guts by exposing it to high amounts of carbs per hour in order to get used to it.