Obesity - Lecture 19

Question 1

Main causes of obesity?

Answer 1

Genetics, Social Determinants, Environments

Question 2

Trends in Obesity in the US

Answer 2

In the 80’s not many people had a BMI over 30 but over the decades almost every state has a prevalence of obesity >25%

Question 3

What do the trends make of obesity?

Answer 3

Obesity as the new normal.

Question 4

Trends in Obesity in Canada

Answer 4

• Overtime prevalence in obesity increased
• Quebec had lowest prevalence due to smoking
• 1/3 Canadians Obese

Question 5

In the rise of obesity does everyone gain same weight over time?

Answer 5

Proportional increase for class 2 & 3 obese

Question 6

Who is most likely to have a high prevalence of obesity related conditions?

Answer 6

Class 2 and 3; those who’s BMI’s are high

Question 7

Trends of prevalence in overweight and obesity

Answer 7

Prevalence of overweight is minimal while prevalence of obesity is high

Question 8

What about third world countries?

Answer 8

Along with obesity, dealing with acute and chronic conditions too. (Starvation)

Question 9

Relationship between Mortality Risk and BMI

Answer 9

Very Low BMI increases risk and Class 3 Obesity is a very high risk.

Question 10

Who are the people that fall into obesity

Answer 10

Those who work at home. Staying hidden and out of sight from the rest of the world.

Question 11

Why is it hard for many to recognize what’s considered obesity?

Answer 11

Based on the environment we live in, obesity may be different to us.

Question 12

BMI for guys vs. girls

Answer 12

High BMI for guys is accepted societally rather than a high BMI for girls.

Question 13

BMI Growth Curve?

Answer 13

Graph that plots where kids BMI should be as they age?

Question 14

What age does the curve slightly drop?

Answer 14

Age 4-5 BMI curve drops.

Question 15

What is obesity defined as according to the growth curve

Answer 15

A percentile

Question 16

What percentile is overweight

Answer 16

90-95th percentile (Out of 100 kids); 95+ is obesity

Question 17

What’s the normal range?

Answer 17

Anything between the 5-90 percentile should be fine.

Question 18

Is there a cutoff for kids?

Answer 18

Not necessarily as it’s a curve depicting how BMI should look not necessarily any cutoffs

Question 19

How do parents play a role in their child’s weight?

Answer 19

• Mothers underestimated weight of child
• Mothers who themselves are overweight were more common to underestimate weight of child

Question 20

Why is it challenging from a medical perspective to talk about obesity with a parent?

Answer 20

It has a negative stigma. Very sensitive to it and makes parents at “fault” for not caring for child’s health.

Question 21

Trends in Overweight and Obesity 1981-1996

Answer 21

Lot more Boys and Girls transitioned to obesity compared to men & women.

Question 22

Why is it impossible for the entire world to be obese in the future?

Answer 22

Some are genetically blessed, so metabolism is hardly affected from eating junk.

Question 23

What are the newer trends of obesity in Canada now?

Answer 23

Prevalence of obesity is starting to slowly decline.

Question 24

Relationship between Childhood BMI and Adult Metabolic Abnormalities

Answer 24

Risk of chronic disease developing at a young age and that leading to losing limbs as an adult.

Question 25

Disadvantages of Too much Fat?

Answer 25

- Associated health risks - Physical movement limited due to weight on you - Extra stress on bones and joints - Psychological Damage (society's bias against overweight)

Question 26

Does healthcare provide aid?

Answer 26

They act along the lines of society where for example they won't offer you hip replacement because you are overweight. (Putting blame on those who can't control it)

Question 27

Subcutaneous Fat

Answer 27

The fat on the outside (skin) that you can pinch

Question 28

What do Subcutaneous skinfolds assess?

Answer 28

Subcutaneous fat on the outside not the visceral fat

Question 29

Visceral Fat

Answer 29

Fat that surrounds your organs

Question 30

How much percent of fat does Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat make up?

Answer 30

Visceral Fat is about 10-15% for males and 5% for females while the rest is subcutaneous fat

Question 31

Which fat has more of a health related issue (Subcutaneous or Visceral?)

Answer 31

Visceral fat is more important towards health risk

Question 32

How is visceral fat contributing to obesity

Answer 32

Small affect on total obesity but a huge impact on obesity related disease

Question 33

How does Visceral Fat relate to Cardiovascular Risk

Answer 33

High visceral fat is related to Low amounts of HDL (good cholesterol)

Question 34

Does Liposuction improve health risk brought upon by Visceral Fat

Answer 34

No; study shows that liposuction targeted only subcutaneous fat not visceral fat at all

Question 35

Why can't liposuction target visceral fat

Answer 35

Blood flow in visceral fat so puncture can happen and lots of blood loss.

Question 36

How can we lose our visceral fat then?

Answer 36

Weight loss through exercise and diet

Question 37

Relationship between weight loss and visceral fat

Answer 37

Weight loss leads to proportional increased loss of visceral fat

Question 38

How can visceral fat be measured

Answer 38

Anthrpometric measure; loss in visceral fat means change in waist circumference

Question 39

High BMI + Large Waist Circumference = Increased Health Risk

Answer 39

Interaction of BMI and WC in terms of Health

Question 40

What is Weight Control thought of as?

Answer 40

A scale where your energy intake and energy expenditure are balanced which leads to no weight change

Question 41

How can weight control lead to weight gain

Answer 41

Increase in caloric intake and living a sedentary lifestyle

Question 42

How can weight control lead to weight loss?

Answer 42

Diet and Exercise, Vigorous Training, Dieting

Question 43

What's the energy surplus (calories above the amount you're recommended to eat) that translates to weight gain

Answer 43

15 extra calories per day

Question 44

What percentile has an energy surplus of 50kcal/day

Answer 44

90th percentile

Question 45

RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate)

Answer 45

The number of calories you need to burn to stay do basic functions that help you stay alive

Question 46

How much of your energy expenditure does RMR count for?

Answer 46

60-75% of energy expenditure; calories burned from doing nothing

Question 47

Where does the rest of your energy expenditure go to?

Answer 47

Non-exercise activities like talking and standing. Also from feeding yourself

Question 48

Modern conveniences saving energy?

Answer 48

No longer doing things manually which saves you energy; but advancements like these in the workplace has lead to progressive weight gain every year.

Question 49

How much calories saved leads to a 20% higher chance of death?

Answer 49

Saving 130cal/day

Question 50

Do genes play a role in obesity?

Answer 50

Based on the monozygotic twins study; they looked awfully similar so this proves that genetics does play a huge factor in developing obesity

Question 51

How many genetical regions were found to influence obesity traits

Answer 51

>140

Question 52

Exposure to things in environment linked to obesity

Answer 52

Plastics, Pesticides, Quitting Smoking

Question 53

How does exposure to these things in the environment cause a higher risk for obesity

Answer 53

Metabolism goes down, eating habits go up.

Question 54

Why is eating and exercising as you do now make you gain more weight compared to in the 70's

Answer 54

Everything mentioned before; how we made ways to save energy and built an environment perfect for weight gain

Question 55

What did food intake trends in Canada show for Obesity and food intake

Answer 55

Decreased food intake and greater exercise but obesity was higher (are they lying?)

Question 56

Eating the same amount of calories in the 1970's vs. 2008 shows?

Answer 56

There's an increase in BMI with the exact same amount of calories consumed.

Question 57

Confirmation Bias

Answer 57

Seeking evidence that confirms what we believe and ignoring the facts that contradict that belief.

Question 58

What is the biggest cause of obesity that is diverse among different individuals

Answer 58

No specific trigger (people being unsure about how it happened); possibly a combination of many things that happened at once.

Question 59

Old Recommendations for Weight during Pregnancy for BMI less than 20

Answer 59

12.5-18kg

Question 60

Old Recommended weight for pregnancy of BMI 20-27

Answer 60

11.5-16kg

Question 61

Old Recommended weight for pregnant person of BMI >27

Answer 61

7.0-11.5

Question 62

What happened when pregnant mother gained weight?

Answer 62

Child will have risk for obesity; due to calorie intake during preganancy

Question 63

New Weight gain for Normal weight pregnant people

Answer 63

11.5-16kg

Question 64

New recommended weight gain for pregnant Overweight BMI

Answer 64

7-11.5kg

Question 65

New recommended weight gain for obese pregnant people

Answer 65

5-9kg

Question 66

What's the main message for gaining weight and calorie intake when pregnant

Answer 66

Must watch your weight gain when pregnant by trying not to eat everything you crave

Question 67

Advantage of Fat

Answer 67

It's a good energy store, but too much is unnecessary

Question 68

Liver Glycogen and Muscle Glycogen calories

Answer 68

Good proportion of calories that you can survive off of for days because the adipose tissue has the most amount of calories

Question 69

More advantages of fat

Answer 69

- Insulation - Sport (Swimming and buoyancy) - Appearance - Improved survival rates for many chronic diseases

Question 70

Obesity Paradox

Answer 70

Those with obesity likely to get obesity related conditions but also more likelier to survive than those without obesity when faced with disease

Question 71

Metabolic reserves and how it explains obesity paradox

Answer 71

Higher amounts of energy in reserves to expend and combat disease, so lean person will run out of resources to combat it.