Glutamate Receptors and Systems

Question 1

of the metabotropic receptors, group 2 and 3 are inhibitory, excitatory or modulating?

Answer 1

inhibitory

Question 2

group 1 metabotropic receptors are inhibitory, excitatory or modulating?

Answer 2

modulating

Question 3

where are group 2 and 3 metabotropic receptors found

Answer 3

pre synaptically

Question 4

where are group 1 metabotropic receptors found

Answer 4

post synaptically

Question 5

mGluR1 KO shows ______

Answer 5

motor dysfunction

Question 6

mGluR2 KO shows ____

Answer 6

normal synaptic transmission

Question 7

mGluR4 KO shows _____

Answer 7

loss of synaptic efficiency during repetition

Question 8

where is the mGluR2 KO expressed

Answer 8

dentate gyrus

Question 9

what is CaMK2

Answer 9

calmodulin dependent kinase 2

Question 10

____ is tightly coupled to Ca dependent proteins

Answer 10

NMDAR

Question 11

what is the difference between LTD and LTP

Answer 11

LTP -> persistent increase in synaptic activity
LTD -> persistent decrease in synaptic strength after slow repetition

Question 12

the hippocampus is involved in what

Answer 12

learning and memory

Question 13

what is the pathway of the hippocampal slice preparations

Answer 13

PP -> DG -> CA3 -> CA1

Question 14

how is hippocampal slices prepared

Answer 14

ex vivo

Question 15

see slide 7 for diagram

Question 16

what is the function of CaMK2

Answer 16

phosphorylates cellular targets and initiates early LTP

Question 17

what activates CamK2

Answer 17

calcium entry through NMDAR

Question 18

what do retrograde messengers in LTP process do

Answer 18

signal the presynaptic cell -> initiates presynaptic changes -> increase glutamate

Question 19

what does CamK2 phosphrylate

Answer 19

AMPAR

Question 20

activation of CamK2 and ___ converge on another kinase, ERK

Answer 20

PLC

Question 21

what is ERK

Answer 21

triggers downstream changes -> phosphorylation and TFs

Question 22

gene synthesis increases ____ receptors

Answer 22

AMPA

Question 23

LTP inductions depends on ___

Answer 23

NDMAR

Question 24

what does overexpression of NMDAR lead to in mice

Answer 24

increases learning

Question 25

what is important about Doogie mouse

Answer 25

overexpresses NMDAR -> increased retention in novel recognition tasks

Question 26

excitotoxicity leads to what problems

Answer 26

ischemia, ALS, alcoholism and MS

Question 27

what is Lytigo-bodig disease

Answer 27

neurodegenerative disease that has similar symptoms to ALS and PD

Question 28

what does BMAA stand for

Answer 28

beta-methyl-amino-L-alanine

Question 29

what does Lytigo bodig disease come from

Answer 29

cycad seeds

Question 30

true or false - the cycad seeds affect the bats

Answer 30

false - they only affect humans when they eat them

Question 31

what does a mutation in ALS lead to

Answer 31

increased intracellular calcium in motor neurons -> stresses out mitochondria

Question 32

EATT2 dysfunction leads to what

Answer 32

glutamate accumulation and excitotoxicity

Question 33

describe the mechanisms of what happens in ischemia

Answer 33

loss of blood flow to CNS -> lack of oxygen and glucose -> lack of ionic gradients -> dump glutamate -> increased intracellular calcium -> failed EAAT transport

Question 34

______ is uncontrolled cell death

Answer 34

necrosis

Question 35

______ is programmed cell death

Answer 35

apoptosis

Question 36

what is an analogy for necrosis

Answer 36

a water balloon that has been filled too much and it ruptures and explodes

Question 37

in apoptosis , what is damaged

Answer 37

the mitochondria from swelling -> pores form -> cell death

Question 38

what gradient is involved in apoptosis

Answer 38

calcium influc

Question 39

what helps remove cell material in apoptosis

Answer 39

phagocytic cells

Question 40

in animal models, NMDA and AMPA antagonists can do what

Answer 40

reduce the volume of injury in ischemic stroke

Question 41

true or false - NMDA and AMPA antagonists can be injected into humans for reduction of brain injury

Answer 41

false

Question 42

look at slide 18 diagram

Question 43

what % of epilepsy is convulsive

Answer 43

60%

Question 44

what is the most common seizure type in children

Answer 44

febrile seizures

Question 45

epileptic seizures are dependent on ____

Answer 45

glutamatergic signalling

Question 46

_______, _____, ______ are convulsants

Answer 46

kainate, AMPA, domoic acid

Question 47

agonists or antagonists of AMPAR can prevent seizure onset , what is an example

Answer 47

antagonists -> NBQX

Question 48

agonists or antagonists of NMDAR can reduce intenisty and duration of seizures , what is an example

Answer 48

antagonists , MK801

Question 49

what are examples of glutamate receptors

Answer 49

AMPA, kainate and NMDA

Question 50

what is involved in glutamate recycling

Answer 50

glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 51

what is a drug class that is not tested against placebo

Answer 51

anticonvulsants and antiepileptic drugs

Question 52

___ % of patients are unresponsive to AED therapy

Answer 52

30

Question 53

what do AEDs target

Answer 53

Na channel activity or increase inhibitory signalling by affecting GABA

Question 54

other than AEDs what is another common technique used to treat epilepsy and what does this do for seizures

Answer 54

corpus callostomy -> decreases frequency and amplitude of seizures by disrupting bilateral synchronous signals

Question 55

what is a side effect of corpus callostomy

Answer 55

speech irregularities