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GI I > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the preferred energy source for the brain in non-starvation conditions?

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

What is a crucial source of energy in anaerobic conditions?

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

What are the two general phases of glyclysis?

A

Energy investment
Energy production

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4
Q

What are the general products of glycolysis?

A

ATP
NADH
Pyruvate - lactate

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5
Q

What are the enzymes of the three irreversible reactions of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase

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6
Q

What are the metabolic pathways that G6P can be used for?

A

Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Uronic acid pathway
Glycogenesis

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7
Q

Out of hexokinase and glucokinase, what is inhibited by G6P?

A

Hexokinase

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8
Q

What is caused by a hexokinase deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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9
Q

What is the most important site of regulation in the glycolysis pathway?

A

PFK-1

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10
Q

What are the priming reactions of glycolysis and what does that mean?

A

Catalyzed by hexokinase/glucokinase and PFK-1

Energy used

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11
Q

What will occur with a PFK-1 deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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12
Q

What cells lack mitochondria and perform anaerobic glycolysis?

A

RBCs

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13
Q

What happens to NADH produced in glycolysis?

A

Has to be recycled, different pathways

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14
Q

What does the fate of pyruvate produced by glycolysis depend on?

A

The availability of oxygen

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15
Q

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?

A

Reduced by lactate dehydrogenase to lactate using NADH to NAD+

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16
Q

What are the tissues that typically produce lactate?

A

Skeletal muscle
RBCs
Brain
GI tract
Renal medulla
Retina
Skin

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17
Q

Where is lactate usually taken up and oxidized?

A

Liver
Kidneys
Heart

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18
Q

How much ATP is produced from glycolysis in anaerobic conditions?

A

Net 2 ATP

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19
Q

How much ATP is produced from glycolysis in aerobic conditions?

A

Net 7 ATP

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20
Q

What are the two ATP producing enzymes of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase
Pyruvate kinase

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21
Q

What enzyme of glycolysis produces NADH?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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22
Q

What sugars can be oxidized via glycolysis?

A

Fructose
Galactose
Mannose
Glycerol

23
Q

What allows the unloading of oxygen in RBCs?

A

RL shunt

24
Q

What enzyme and reaction is bypassed in the RL shunt in RBCs?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

25
Q

What is provided by RL shunt to decrease Hgb affinity for oxygen?

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

26
Q

What Hgb exhibits a lower affinity for 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

Fetal Hgb

27
Q

What is the result of pyruvate kinase deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia

28
Q

What deficiency would the presence of Heinz bodies indicate?

A

G6PD deficiency

29
Q

With what glycolytic enzyme deficiency would you see an increase in 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

PK deficiency

30
Q

What are clinical signs of pyruvate kinase deficiency?

A

Anemia
Growth delay
Failure to thrive
Jaundice
Mild-moderate splenomegaly

31
Q

What is lactic acidosis?

A

State of acidosis characterized by elevated plasma lactate concentration

32
Q

What causes lactic acidosis?

A

Circulatory insufficiency
Severe anemia
Inhibitors (carbon monoxide, cyanide)
Alcohol
PDH complex deficiency
Severe exercise
Von Gierke’s disease

33
Q

How does fluoride inhibit glycolysis?

A

Inhibits enolase

34
Q

How does fluoride work in oral cavity to prevent cavities?

A

Inhibiting bacterial glycolysis

35
Q

What enzymes are infected in general by arsenic?

A

-SH group containing enzymes

36
Q

How does arsenate affect glycolysis?

A

Interfere with glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase decreasing ATP and NADH production - competes with phosphate

Does not inhibit pathway

37
Q

How does iodoacetate inhibit glycolysis?

A

Inhibits glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase

38
Q

How does bromohydroxyacetone phosphate inhibit glycolysis?

A

Inhibits dihydroxyacetone phosphate

39
Q

How does oxamate inhibit glycolysis?

A

Inhibits lactate dehydrogenase

40
Q

How will the rate of glycolysis respond to hyperglycemia?

A

Increase

41
Q

How will the rate of glycolysis respond to the presence of insulin in the blood stream?

A

Increase

42
Q

How will the rate of glycolysis respond to hypoglycemia?

A

Decrease

43
Q

How will the rate of glycolysis response to glucagon in the blood stream?

A

Decrease

44
Q

What induces the transcription of the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?

A

Insulin

45
Q

What represses the transcription of the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?

A

Glucagon

46
Q

How does G6P affect hexokinase and glucokinase?

A

Inhibits hexokinase
Does not inhibit glucokinase

47
Q

How does ATP affect PFK-1?

A

Allosteric inhibitor

48
Q

How does AMP affect PFK-1?

A

Reverses affect of ATP at high concentrations

49
Q

How does citrate regulate glycolysis?

A

Inhibits PFK-1

50
Q

How does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate affect glycolysis?

A

Allosteric activator of PFK-1
Inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

51
Q

What activates PK?

A

AMP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

52
Q

What inhibits PK?

A

ATP
Acetyl CoA
Alanine

53
Q

How does covalent modification in the liver affect PK?

A

Phosphorylated PK is more strongly inhibited by ATP and alanine

54
Q

What is the Warburg Effect?

A

Lactate produced in presence of oxygen in tumors and other proliferating cells

GI I (19 decks)

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