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Medical Microbiology > Gram Negative Pathogens Part 2 (Enterics cont) > Flashcards

Gram Negative Pathogens Part 2 (Enterics cont) Flashcards

1
Q

What virulence factors allow Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) to produce watery diarrhea?

A

Enteroaggregative Fimbriae (EAF) pilus allowing tight adherence

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2
Q

What kind of diarrhea does EPEC produce?

A

Watery diarrhea with:
Vomiting
Fever in infants

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3
Q

Diarrhea in infants is most likely linked with what kind of E. coli?

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli

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4
Q

What virulence factors allow Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) to produce watery diarrhea?

A

Colonization Factor A (CFA) pilus
LT and/or ST exotoxin

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5
Q

What kind of E. coli usually produces Traveler’s diarrhea (Montezuma’s revenge)?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

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6
Q

What kind of E. coli usually produces diarrhea in children aged 5 years old and below?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

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7
Q

What kind of diarrhea does ETEC produce?

A

Watery diarrhea

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8
Q

What virulence factors allow Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) to produce bloody diarrhea?

A

CFA pilus
Capsule
Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) (cytotoxic effects on host cells)

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9
Q

What type of diarrhea does EHEC produce?

A

Bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) without fever or pus; may be associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (hemolytic anemia, acute kidney injury, and thrombocytopenia)

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10
Q

This kind of bloody diarrhea has been linked to infected meat products prompting suspicion for cattle reservoir.

A

EHEC induced bloody diarrhea

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11
Q

What virulence factors allow Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) to produce bloody diarrhea?

A

Small amount of Shiga toxin allowing invasion of the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells

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12
Q

What type of diarrhea does EIEC produce?

A

Bloody diarrhea with pus and WBC in stool; associated with fever

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13
Q

This type of E. coli produces bloody diarrhea with pus and WBC in stool which may be associated with fever.

A

Enteroinvasive E. coli

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14
Q

This type of E. coli produces blood diarrhea without fever or pus and may be associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome.

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

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15
Q

This type of diarrhea is common in children in developing countries.

A

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) - induced bloody diarrhea

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16
Q

This type of E. coli produces acute or chronic diarrhea (>14 days)

A

Enteroaggregative E. coli

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17
Q

What virulence factors allow Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) to produce bloody diarrhea?

A

Exotoxin (ST), enterotoxin, and hemolysin

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18
Q

This type of E. coli usually causes food borne diarrhea in developed countries and causes the cases of diarrhea developing countries.

A

Enteroaggregative E coli.

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19
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae appears as slender rods in young cultures and cocco-bacillus when mature.

A

False. Slender rods when mature; cocco-bacillus when young

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20
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae may be aerobes or facultative anaerobe.

A

True.

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21
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae can ferment glucose.

A

True.

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22
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae can ferment lactose.

A

False. Cannot ferment lactose

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23
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae can produce hydrogen sulfide.

A

False. Cannot produce hydrogen sulfide

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24
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae can produce gas but rarely.

A

True

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25
Q

T/F. Shigella dysenteriae has A/K/G+-/HS-

A

True. Can ferment glucose but not fructose, some produces gas, but cannot produce hydrogen sulfide

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26
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with Shigella dysenteriae?

A

Low infectious dose
Shiga toxin

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27
Q

This microorganism has a very low infectious dose at just 10^2 cells.

A

Shigella dysenteriae

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28
Q

What type of diarrhea does Shigella dysenteriae produce?

A

Bloody diarrhea with mucus and pus production associated with fever and abdominal pain.

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29
Q

Treatment for Shigella dysenteriae infection

A

No anti-diarrheal drugs (treatment limited to fluid replacement therapy)
Oral fluid replacement
IV fluid
Antibiotics for severe infections

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30
Q

T/F. Salmonella are often commensal but can be pathogenic.

A

True

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31
Q

What are the three presentation of Salmonella infection?

A

enteritis, enteric fever, and systemic infections

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32
Q

Transmission of Salmonella is primarily via:

A

contaminated water and contaminated food or animal products

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33
Q

T/F. Salmonella appears rod shaped.

A

True.

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34
Q

T/F. Salmonella is anaerobic bacterium.

A

False. Facultative anaerobic bacterium.

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35
Q

T/F. Salmonella can ferment lactose but not sucrose.

A

False. Cannot ferment both

36
Q

T/F. Salmonella cannot produce hydrogen sulfide.

A

False.

37
Q

T/F. Salmonella can produce gas.

A

True.

38
Q

T/F. Salmonella is A/K/G+/S+

A

True. Can ferment glucose only; produces gas; produces H2S

39
Q

What are the virulence factors associated with Salmonella?

A

Capsule (Vi antigen)
Motile
Siderophores

40
Q

T/F. Salmonella is a motile organism

A

True.

41
Q

Salmonella capsule is in the form of?

A

Vi antigen

42
Q

This microorganism causes typhoid (enteric) fever characterized by fever, headache, abdominal pain, rose spots on chest and abdomen.

A

Salmonella

43
Q

This presentation of Salmonella infection is characterized by fever, headache, abdominal pain, rose spots on chest and abdomen.

A

Typhoid enteric fever

44
Q

This microorganism causes enterocolitis characterized by nausea, headache, vomiting, watery diarrhea (some may contain mucous or blood), abdominal cramping, and fever.

A

Salmonella

45
Q

This presentation of Salmonella infection is characterized by nausea, headache, vomiting, watery diarrhea (some may contain mucous or blood), abdominal cramping, and fever.

A

Enterocolitis

46
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Salmonella infection?

A

Typhoid enteric fever
Enterocolitis
Carrier state - infected hosts become carrier of the organism and proliferate again
Sepsis

47
Q

What is the treatment for Salmonella induced typhoid fever?

A

Ciprofloxacin/ceftriaxone

48
Q

What is the treatment for Salmonella induced enterocolitis?

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

49
Q

T/F. Klebsiella is capsulated and motile.

A

False. Capsulated but not motile

50
Q

This microorganism produces pneumonia associated with production of currant jelly sputum characterized by a dark reddish to brownish appearance.

A

Klebsiella

51
Q

Clinical presentation of Klebsiella infection

A

UTI
Pneumonia with currant jelly sputum
associated with high mortality rate

52
Q

Treatment for Klebsiella

A

Cephalosporin
Ciprofloxacin

53
Q

T/F. Proteus mirabilis is a non-motile organism.

A

False. Motile organism

54
Q

This microorganism produces UTI associated with production of alkaline urine which promotes stone formation.

A

Proteus mirabilis

55
Q

Clinical presentation of P. mirabilis infection

A

UTI with alkaline urine
Sepsis

56
Q

This microorganism is a part of the normal gut flora and is characterized by swarming in culture.

A

P. mirabilis

57
Q

Treatment for P. mirabilis infection

A

Ampicillin
TMP-SMX

58
Q

T/F. Enterobacter spp. are capsulated and non motile.

A

False. Capsulated and motile.

59
Q

This bacterium is implicated in Healthcare Associated Infections causing pneumonia, UTI, and characteristically wound and device infections.

A

Enterobacter spp. and Serratia marcescens

60
Q

This bacterium is part of the skin and gut microflora and is commonly found in environment and food.

A

Enterobacter spp.

61
Q

This bacterium is multi-drug resistant notably B-lactamase resistant which is a trait encoded by the ampC gene.

A

Enterobacter spp.

62
Q

What is the only treatment available for Enterobacter spp. infections?

A

Carbapenem

63
Q

This bacterium is characterized by varied ways of transmission and a red-pigmented colonies in culture.

A

Serratia marcescens.

64
Q

This bacterium causes similar diseases as ETEC but in more severe form.

A

Vibrio cholerae

65
Q

What is the usual route of infection of V. cholera?

A

Fecal-oral route (usually contaminated water)

66
Q

T/F. V. cholerae is a motile organism.

A

True. Allowed by the presence of a polar flagellum

67
Q

What is the shape of V. cholerae?

A

Comma-shaped, curved rods

68
Q

T/F. V. cholerae is anaerobic organism.

A

False. Aerobic

69
Q

T/F. V. cholerae can ferment sucrose.

A

True.

70
Q

T/F. V. cholerae is a halophilic organism.

A

True. Requires 0.5-4.5% NaCl

71
Q

T/F. V. cholerae grows optimally in low pH.

A

False. grows optimally at pH 8.5-9.5

72
Q

What are the virulence factors associated V. cholerae?

A

Fimbriae
Choleragen toxin (AB toxin)

73
Q

The choleragen toxin of V. cholerae is in the form of?

A

AB toxin

A subunit - activates G-protein
B subunit - binds to GM1 ganglioside

74
Q

This organism causes watery diarrhea characterized by rapid fluid loss (1L/hr) and no pus.

A

V. cholorae

75
Q

Treatment for V. choloerae infection.

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Doxycycline
Fluoroquinolone

76
Q

What medium is usually used to detect V. cholerae?

A

Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile-Sucrose (TCBS) agar in conjunction with microscopy

77
Q

This bacterium characteristically produces duodenal and stomach ulcers.

A

Helicobacter pylori

78
Q

What is the shape of H. pylori?

A

Spiral or curved rods

79
Q

T/F. H pylori is a motile organism.

A

True. Allowed by a single or tuffs of polar flagella

80
Q

T/F. H pylori is aerophilic.

A

False. Microaerophilic

81
Q

This organism characteristically has a relatively longer incubation period at 14 days.

A

H. pylori

82
Q

T/F. H pylori is catalase positive, oxidase negative and urease positive.

A

False. catalase positive, oxidase positive, and urease positive.

83
Q

What medium is usually used to isolate H. pylori?

A

medium enrich with blood, e.g., chocolate agar

84
Q

Virulence factors associated with H. pylori

A

Adhesion factors
Mucinase, and phospholipase for tissue damage

85
Q

Treatment for H. pylori.

A

Bismuth,
Metronidazole
Proton pump inhibitors
Tetracycline
Clarithromycin
Amoxicillin

86
Q

What medium is usually used to detect Shigella dysenteriae?

A

MAC or EMB, HE, and XLD (for differential and selective growth of Gram negative rods)

87
Q

What medium is usually used to detect Salmonella?

A

MAC or EMB, HE, and XLD (for differential and selective growth of Gram negative rods)

Medical Microbiology (9 decks)

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