Gram Negative Pathogens Part 3 (HAI and Respiratory Infections)

Question 1

T/F. Pseudomonas are obligate anaerobe.

Answer 1

False. Obligate aerobe

Question 2

T/F. Pseudomonas are lactose fermenter and oxidase positive.

Answer 2

False. Lactose non fermenter and oxidase positive

Question 2

What pigment provides Pseudomonas a green color?

Answer 2

pyoverdin

Question 3

What pigment provides Pseudomonas a blue color?

Answer 3

pyocyanin

Question 4

What are the common presentation/disease caused by Pseudomonas?

Answer 4

• Burn-wound infections
• Corneal infections
• Malignant external otitis
• Pneumonia
• Endocarditis
• UTI
• Osteomyelitis
• Sepsis

Question 5

T/F. Pseudomonas are motile.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

T/F. Pseudomonas are hemolytic.

Answer 6

True. They have hemolysin.

Question 7

T/F. Pseudomonas are kinase positive.

Answer 7

True. They have fibrinolysin

Question 8

T/F. Pseudomonas are collagenase positive but elastase negative.

Answer 8

False. callogenase and elastase positive

Question 9

T/F. Pseudomonas are phospholipase positive.

Answer 9

True.

Question 9

Pseudomonas toxin is in the form of?

Answer 9

Exotoxin A

Question 10

This organism is ubiquitous and may be transmitted via hands of healthcare workers and medical devices

Answer 10

Pseudomonas

Question 11

What are the diagnostic procedure used to detect Pseudomonas?

Answer 11

Gram stain and culture

Question 12

T/F. Acinetobacter are microaerophile organisms.

Answer 12

False. aerobic organisms

Question 13

This bacterium is generally coccobacillus or coccus in shape but appears diplococci in solid medium.

Answer 13

Acinetobacter

Question 14

What is the shape of acinetobacter?

Answer 14

generally coccus or coccubacillus but turns diplococcus in solid medium

Question 15

T/F. Acinetobacter is non lactose fermenter and oxidase negative.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

How is Acinetobacter biochemically differentiated from Pseudomonas?

Answer 16

Both are non lactose fermenter but Acinetobacter is oxidase negative while Pseudomonas is oxidase positive.

Question 17

What are the diseases caused by Acinetobacter?

Answer 17

*Burn infections
* Pneumonia
* Catheter- associated UTI
* Bacteremia

Question 18

This microorganism is characteristically associated with catheter-associated UTI.

Answer 18

Acinetobacteria

Question 18

This bacterium is known for its ability to acquire mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.

Answer 18

Acinetobacter

Question 19

T/F. Acinetobacter is encapsulated.

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

What is the treatment for Pseudomonas?

Answer 20

Antibiotic

Question 21

What is the treatment for Acinetobacter?

Answer 21

Antibiotics

Question 22

What are the diagnostic procedure used to detect Acinetobacter?

Answer 22

Gram stain and culture

Question 23

This bacterium is easily mistaken for Neisseria and may be transmitted via hands of the healthcare worker and medical devices.

Answer 23

Acinetobacter

Question 24

T/F. Haemophilus influenzae is aerobic organism.

Answer 24

True.

Question 25

What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 25

Short coccoid bacilli

Question 26

What are the disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 26

Influenza Meningitis Sepsis

Question 27

T/F. Haemophilus influenzae is non encapsulated.

Answer 27

False. encapsulated

Question 27

T/F. Haemophilus influenzae are protease positive.

Answer 27

True.

Question 28

Among the virulence factors associated with Haemophilus influenzae which allows attachment to host tissues?

Answer 28

Pilus

Question 29

Culture of Haemophilus influenzae is done on what kind of medium?

Answer 29

Chocolate agar

Question 30

Diagnostic procedure for detection of H. influenzae

Answer 30

Gram stain Culture on chocolate agar

Question 31

What is the treatment for H. influenzae?

Answer 31

antibiotics

Question 32

T/F. Bordetella pertussis are motile organisms.

Answer 32

False.

Question 33

What is the usual shape of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 33

Small rod-shaped cells

Question 34

T/F. Bordetella pertussis are oxidase and catalase negative.

Answer 34

False. They are oxidase and catalase positive.

Question 34

T/F. Bordetella pertussis are nitrate, citrate and urea negative.

Answer 34

True.

Question 35

What is the disease characteristically caused by Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 35

Whooping cough

Question 36

What are the three stages of whooping cough?

Answer 36

Catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks; mild cold-like symptoms) --> Paraxysmal stage (1 month; severe coughing fits with whooping) --> Convalescent stage

Question 37

At stage is whooping cough most contangious?

Answer 37

Catarrhal stage

Question 38

T/F. A person on the convalescent stage of pertussis is not contagious.

Answer 38

True.

Question 39

T/F. Bordetella pertussis are capsulated organisms.

Answer 39

True.

Question 40

Bordetella pertussis toxins are in the form of?

Answer 40

Pertussis and tracheal toxin

Question 41

Bordetella pertussis pilus in the form of?

Answer 41

Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) pilus

Question 42

What are the virulence factors of B. pertussis?

Answer 42

* Pertussis toxin * Tracheal cytotoxin * Capsule * Beta-lactamase * Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) pilus

Question 43

In treating pertussis caused by Bordetella pertussis, erythromycin is best given during what stage of the disease?

Answer 43

Catarrhal

Question 44

Vaccine against Pertussis is contained in what trivalent vaccine?

Answer 44

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis

Question 45

Culture of Bordetella pertussis is carried out on what medium?

Answer 45

Bordet-Gengou media

Question 46

What are the diagnostic procedures for the detection of B. pertussis?

Answer 46

Gram stain Culture on Bordet-Gengou media ELISA PCR

Question 46

T/F. Although it may also affect adults, infant less than 1 year old are at high risk Bordetella pertussis infection.

Answer 46

True.

Question 47

T/F. Legionella pneumophila is an aerobic organism.

Answer 47

True.

Question 48

T/F. Legionella pneumophila is a facultative anaerobic organism.

Answer 48

False. Facultative intracellular bacteria

Question 49

This organism characteristically produces Legionnaires's disease and pontiac fever.

Answer 49

Legionella pneumophila

Question 50

What are the disease caused by Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 50

Legionnaires' disease Pontiac fever

Question 51

What is lethal presentation of Legionella pneumophila infection?

Answer 51

Legionnaires' disease/pneumonia

Question 52

What is non lethal presentation of Legionella pneumophila infection?

Answer 52

Pontiac disease

Question 53

This virulence factor of Legionella pneumophila inihibits macrophage phagosome and lysosome fusion.

Answer 53

Type IV secretion system

Question 54

Among the virulence factor of Legionella pneumophila, these provide the organism attachment and invasion abilities.

Answer 54

Pilus and flagella

Question 55

T/F. Legionella pneumophila is RNAse and phospholipase positive.

Answer 55

True.

Question 56

This organism has type IV secretion system that inhibits macrophage phagosome and lysosome fusion

Answer 56

Legionella pneumophila

Question 57

What are the treatment for L. pneumophila infection?

Answer 57

* Azithromycin * Levofloxacin * Doxycycline

Question 58

Culturing L. pneumophila is carried out using what medium?

Answer 58

Charcoal yeast extract agar

Question 59

What are the diagnostic procedures used in detecting L. pneumophila

Answer 59

Culture on charcoal yeast extract ELISA

Question 60

T/F. L. pneumophila may survive on biofilm.

Answer 60

True.

Question 61

This organism caused an outbreak of pneumonia at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976.

Answer 61

Legionella pnuemophila (Legionnaires' pneumonia)

Question 62

This organism is known to be an intracellular parasite in Naegleria and Acanthamoeba.

Answer 62

Legionella pneumophila

Question 63

T/F. Mycobacterium are acid-fast coccus.

Answer 63

False. Acid-fast bacillus

Question 64

T/F. Both M. tuberculosis and leprae are obligate aerobe.

Answer 64

False. MT - obligate aerobe while ML - facultative intracellular parasite.

Question 65

This genus of bacterium is known for its very slow growth of around 6 weeks.

Answer 65

Mycobacterium

Question 66

T/F. Mycobacterium are catalase positive.

Answer 66

True.

Question 66

T/F. Mycobacterium are non-motile and non capsulated.

Answer 66

True.

Question 67

This presentation of tuberculosis is characterized by weight loss and low-grade fever.

Answer 67

Primary tuberculosis

Question 68

This presentation of tuberculosis is characterized by infection of multiple organs.

Answer 68

Secondary tuberculosis

Question 69

What are the virulence factors associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 69

Mycosides (glycolipids limited in distribution to a single mycobacterium species) -Cord factor -Sulfatides Siderophores

Question 70

T/F. Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not have attachment pilus but contains exotoxin and endotoxin.

Answer 70

False. No pilus, exotoxin, or endotoxin.

Question 71

Bactec which is a rapid culture system is used in culturing what organism?

Answer 71

M. tuberculosis

Question 72

This organism can be detected by acid-fast staining of sputum sample.

Answer 72

M. tuberculosis

Question 73

This test is used to detect prior exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 73

PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) skin test

Question 74

What are the diagnositic procedures used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 74

* Acid-fast staining of sputum sample * Bactec (rapid culture system) * PPD skin test * Chest x-ray * PCR

Question 75

What are the treatments for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 75

* Isoniazid * Rifampin * Pyrazinamide * Ethambutol * Streptomycin

Question 76

This presentation of leprosy characterized by widespread and symmetrical skin lesions due to high load of M. leprae bacteria in the body. Significant proliferation of the bacterium usually caused by an compromised immune system that responds weakly to the infection.

Answer 76

Lepromatous leprosy

Question 77

This presentation of leprosy characterized by well-defined, single or very few skin lesions due to relatively smaller load of M. leprae bacteria in the body. Curtailed proliferation of the bacterium usually caused by a intact immune system that responds strongly to the infection.

Answer 77

Tuberculoid leprosy

Question 78

T/F. Mycobacterium leprae is a facultative intracellular parasite.

Answer 78

True.

Question 79

Culturing M. leprae is done on?

Answer 79

animal models (cannot be grown on culture media)

Question 80

Diagnostic procedures used to detect M. leprae

Answer 80

Grown on animal models Skin and nerve biopsy

Question 81

What are the treatment for M. leprae?

Answer 81

* Rifampin * Dapsone * Clofazimine