Immunology (Innate immunity)

Question 1

What are the two elements of the innate immune response?

Answer 1

Anatomic and physiological
Phagocytic and cytotoxic

Question 2

What are the two elements of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 2

Humoral (B lymphocytes)

Cell-mediated (T lymphocytes)

Question 3

What are the antigen presenting cells?

Answer 3

Dendritic cell
Macrophages
B cells

Question 4

What are the granulocytes?

Answer 4

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell

Question 5

What cells are capable of phagocytosis (phagocytic cells)?

Answer 5

Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

Question 6

What cells are responsible for inflammatory response?

Answer 6

Basophil
Mast cell

Question 7

What are the cells that carry out cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 7

Natural killer cell
T cell

Question 8

What cells carry out antibody-mediated immunity?

Answer 8

Plasma cell

Question 9

Cells of adaptive immunity

Answer 9

T cell
Plasma cell

Question 10

Cells of innate immunity

Answer 10

Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell
Natural killer cell

Question 11

What are the characteristics of the immune system?

Answer 11

Rapid response mechanism
Exquisite specificity
Adaptability
Intricate regulatory network
Memory

Question 12

T/F. Innate immune response is characterized by a rapid but not long lasting immune response.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Characteristics of innate immune response.

Answer 13

First line of defense
Rapid
Non specific
Lacks immunologic memory

Question 14

This component of the innate immune response functions primarily in limiting attachment and invasion

Answer 14

Barrier function

Question 14

Characteristics of the adaptive immune response.

Answer 14

Specific for pathogens
Immunity to reinfection

Question 15

What are the different mechanisms of barrier functions?

Answer 15

Epithelial cell layer: tight junction, antimicrobial peptides (lysozyme and defensin) and cilia

Mucus: Mucins, proteins, proteases, and proteases inhibitors

Acidic pH

Proteolytic enzymes

Fatty acids

Question 16

Besides barrier functions, what are the other mechanisms for innate immunity?

Answer 16

Microbial sensors

Cellular components and phagocytosis

Natural killer cells

Complement system

Mediators of inflammations and interferons

Question 17

These are type 1 transmembrane proteins whose activation leads to cellular activation and cytokine release.

Answer 17

Toll-like receptors

Question 18

This type of TLR engages dsRNA in viral replication

Answer 18

TLR3

Question 18

This type of TLR engages lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 18

TLR2

Question 19

This type of TLR engages LPS of Gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 19

TLR4

Question 20

This type of TLR engages bacterial flagellin.

Answer 20

TLR5

Question 21

This microbial sensor is located in cytoplasm and functions as intracellular sensor for microbial
products. It activates NF-kappaB pathway and drives inflammatory response.

Answer 21

NOD-like receptor (NLRs)

Question 21

This microbial sensor functions as a cytoplasmic sensors of viral ssRNA. It triggers production of type I interferons (INF) that inhibits viral activation.

Answer 21

RIG-1-like helicases and Melanoma Differentiation- Associated protein 5 (MDA5)

Question 21

What are the phagocytic processes?

Answer 21

Chemotaxis Migration Ingestion Microbial killing

Question 22

These are cytokine and chemokine signals that allow phagocytes to migrate into sites of infection.

Answer 22

Chemoattractants

Question 23

What are the phagocytosis antimicrobial mechanisms?

Answer 23

Acidification of phagosomes Generation of toxic oxygen-derived products Production of nitrogen oxides Generation of antimicrobial peptides Opsonization

Question 24

T/F. Macrophages can produce cathelicidin only, while neutrophils can produce cathelicidin, defensin, and lactoferricin.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

These are large granular lymphocytes related to T cells which provides protection against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.

Answer 25

Natural killer cells

Question 26

What are the two cytotoxic products of NK cells?

Answer 26

Granzymes and perforin

Question 27

What are the surface receptors present in NK cells?

Answer 27

Lectin-like NK cell receptors for protein ligands Killer immunoglobulin-like (KIRs) for MHC Class I molecules

Question 28

T/F. NK cells can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Answer 28

T

Question 29

What are the three pathways of complement system.

Answer 29

Alternative Lectin Classical

Question 30

This complement pathway is triggered by C3b proteins binding to microbial invaders.

Answer 30

Alternative

Question 30

This complement pathway is triggered by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binding to microbial invaders.

Answer 30

Lectin pathway

Question 31

This complement pathway is triggered by antibodies binding to microbial invaders.

Answer 31

Classical pathway

Question 32

In this effector function of the complement cascade, C3a and C5a induce changes that contribute to local vascular permeability and attract phagocytes.

Answer 32

inflammatory response

Question 33

In this effector function of the complement cascade, C3b binds to microbial cells functioning as an opsonin.

Answer 33

Opsonization

Question 34

In this effector function of the complement cascade, C5b combines with other complement proteins to form membrane attack complexes that insert into cell membranes.

Answer 34

Lysis of foreign cells

Question 35

These are soluble mediators of inflammation.

Answer 35

Cytokines

Question 36

Provides an example of an inflammatory cytokine.

Answer 36

TNF-alpha

Question 37

Provides an example of an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Answer 37

IL-I8

Question 38

Provides an example of a chemokine.

Answer 38

Prostaglandin

Question 39

What are the different cytokines?

Answer 39

Inflammatory (TNF-alpha) Anti-inflammatory (IL-I8) Chemokines (prostaglandins) Adhesion molecules Interferons

Question 40

These cytokines are produced specifically against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.

Answer 40

Interferons

Question 41

This type of interferon are specifically produced against viral pathogens.

Answer 41

Type I interferon

Question 42

Type type of interferon activates T cells and NK cells.

Answer 42

Type Ii interferon