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Gram Pos Flashcards

1
Q

How to differentiate Gram negative and positive?

A

Gram pos - purple stain
Gram neg - pink stain

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2
Q

How to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus?

A

Staph - clusters, catalase positive
Strep - chains, catalase negative

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3
Q

How to differentiate s. aureus from other staph?

A

Staph - coagulase positive

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3
Q

What is the most common causes of SSTIs

A

S. Aureus w wound and S. Pyogenes without wound

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3
Q

What infections do s. aureus cause

A

Boils
Impetigo
Septic arthritis
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis
Pneumonia
Endocarditis

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3
Q

What are the exotoxins released by S.aureus

A

TSST-1
Epidermolytic toxins A&B
Preformed enterotoxins A-E

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4
Q

What does TSST-1 cause?

A

TSS

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4
Q

What do Epidermolytic toxins A&B cause?

A

Scalded skin syndrome

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4
Q

What do Preformed enterotoxins A-E cause?

A

Food poisoning

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4
Q

What to do when patient suffers from CNS catheter related bacteraemia?

A

Treat with antibiotics as the infection is less severe than s.aureus and removing and replacing of the line can cause trauma for the patient

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4
Q

What to do when patient suffers from s.aureus catheter related bacteraemia?

A

Remove the line
Treat with appropriate antibiotics

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5
Q

How to treat MRSA

A

Vancomycin

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5
Q

How to treat MSSA

A

Penicillin (Cloxacillin)
Erythromycin if penicillin allergy

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5
Q

What infections are strep pyogenes the common cause of?

A

Pharyngitis
Impetigo
Cellulitis

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6
Q

How to treat VRSA and VRE

A

Linezolid

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7
Q

What are the toxin mediated infections due to S. pyogenes?

A

TSS
Scarlet fever
Necrotising fasciitis

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7
Q

What causes scarlet fever?

A

Erythrogenic toxins from pharyngitis S.pyogenes.

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7
Q

How do you treat necrotising fasciitis?

A

Debridement
IV Benzylpenicillin, IVIg and Clindamycin

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7
Q

What are the immune-mediated post infection sequelae caused by S.pyogenes?

A

Acute Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonepheritis

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7
Q

How does rheumatic fever come about?

A

M protein of S. pyogenes molecular mimicry of myosin
Causes antibodies to cross-react with self antigens and attack the heart

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7
Q

How do you diagnose immune mediated post-infection sequelae caused by S. pyogenes?

A

Anti-streptolysin O titre

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7
Q

How do you diagnose acute rheumatic fever?

A

JONES criteria
Joints
Carditis
Nodules
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea

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8
Q

Where is S. aureus found?

A

Anterior nares 30%

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8
Q

What infections are s.pneumoniae the common cause of?

A

Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

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8
Antibiotics for common strep infections?
Penicillins or amoxicillins
8
How do you treat meningitis due to S. pneumoniae?
Ceftriaxone and vancomycin
8
How to diagnose S.pneumoniae?
Meningitis - CSF culture Pneumonia - sputum culture General - Blood culture or urine antigen detection
9
What are some risk factors of S. pneumoniae?
Age Crowding Alcohol Capsule types Asplenic
10
PPSV23 should be used for what age group?
Elderly
10
PCV10/13 should be used for which age group?
Babies
10
Where is S. Agalactiae found?
Normal flora of GIT Vaginal in 30% of women 30% of the time
10
What does S. agalactiae cause in adults? What increases the risk of contracting it?
Meningitis, Arthritis and Sepsis Raw freshwater fish and co-morbidities
11
What does S. agalactiae cause in babies and how do you prevent it?
Neonatal sepsis Prophylactic penicillin given to mother before birth
12
What are the infections caused by S. bovis?
Hepatobillary infections Bovis in the blood causes colon cancer Endocartitis
12
What are enterococcus associated with?
UTI and billary infections (nosocomial)
12
What are viridian associated with?
Dental procedures
12
What are viridians the most common cause of?
Subacute endocarditis of heart valves with previous damage
12
List aerobic gram pos rods
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Listeria Monocytogenes Bacillus cereus Bacillus anthracis
12
What does Corynebacterium Diphtheriae cause and what are the clinical presentations?
Diphtheria Bull neck and greyish white pseudomembrane on tonsils
13
How is diphtheria treated and prevented?
Antitoxin and Penicillin Prevented with toxoid vax
14
Where is Listeria Monocytogenes found?
Salad leaves, soft cheese and deli meats
14
What does Listeria Monocytogenes cause and what is the treatment?
Gastroenteritis and meningitis in immunocompromised Ampicillin
14
List anaerobic gram pos rods
Clostridium Botunilum Clostridium Tetani Clostridium Perfringens Clostridium Difficile
15
What is bacillus cereus associated with and what does it cause?
Fried rice food poisoning Fast onset vomitting Slow onset diarrhoea
15
What does bacillus anthracis cause and what are the clinical presentations?
Anthrax which can become pulmonary anthrax Black lesions
16
What does C. botulinum cause?
Blocks ACh release => flaccid paralysis Drooping eyelids/ floppy baby syndrome
16
What does C. Tetani cause
Blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release @LMN => spastic paralysis
16
What does C. perrfringens cause and how to treat it?
Gas gangrene due to alpha toxin Debridement, IV benzylpenicillin, clindamycin
16
What does C.difficile cause and how to treat it?
CDAD due to antibiotic administration which reduces competitive normal flora Stop antibiotics, oral vancomycin
17
What is the most common cause of necrotising fasciitis?
1. S.pyogenes 2. S.aureus
18
What organism causes wet gangrene diabetic foot ulcer?
Anaerobes
19
What is the most common cause of pharyngitis?
Viral and s.pyogenes (33%)
19
Which organisms are the top culprits of meningitis?
S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis
20
How do you treat strep throat?
Oral penicillin v
20
What organisms are the most common cause of otitis media?
1. S.pyogenes 2. H. influenzae
21
What is the number 1 cause of pneumonia?
S. Pneumoniae
22
What organisms are the likely culprits of nosocomial pneumonia?
S. aureus Legionella PAE
22
What is the common cause of diarrhoea in children?
Rotovirus
22
What is the common cause of vomitting not associated with anything?
Norovirus
23
What is the common cause of seafood related diarrhoea?
V. parahaemolyticus
24
What are the organisms that normally cause conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus, S. pneumoniae and H.influenzae
25
What organisms show draughtsman colonies?
S. pneumoniae

Hawk Tuah (12 decks)

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