Green Plant Phylogeny/Life Cycle (Final Exam) Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Chlorophyte branch =
A
chlorophyceae + ulvophyceae
2
Q
streptophyte branch =
A
streptophyte algae + embryophytes
3
Q
chlorophyceae roots =
A
symmetrical flagellar roots
4
Q
chlorophyceae dominant ploidy
A
haploid dominant
5
Q
chlorophyceae can be
A
unicellular, colonial, and multicellular algae
6
Q
some chlorophyceae are
A
terrestrial algae
7
Q
Ulvophyceae roots =
A
symmetrical flagellar roots
8
Q
Ulvophyceae marine groups have
A
an isomorphic alternation of generations
9
Q
Ulvophyceae freshwater groups have
A
a haploid dominant life cycle
10
Q
Ulvophyceae forms =
A
Multicellular forms as well as siphonous (coenocytic)
11
Q
Streptophyte Clade includes
A
several basal clades and also land plants
12
Q
Streptophyte Clade/groups ploidy
A
a haploid dominant life cycle
13
Q
Streptophyte Clade/groups developed _____ & ______
A
oogamy
& sporopollenin = Desiccation and decay resistant
14
Q
(Streptophyte Clade/groups) precursors to land plants developed
A
a heteromorphic alternation of generations
15
Q
nonvascular plants =
A
basal groups of embryophytes
16
Q
nonvascular plant group is a
A
paraphyletic group
17
Q
nonvascular plants all lack
A
X & P
18
Q
nonvascular plants all have dominant…
A
(long-lived) gametophyte generations
19
Q
nonvascular plants all disperse
A
spores long distances
20
Q
nonvascular plants all have sperm that
A
swim short distances
21
Q
Liverworts aka
A
Marchantiophyta
22
Q
Liverworts are the
A
oldest extant lineage of embryophytes
23
Q
liverworts have no (2)
A
stomates
IAA (auxin)
24
Q
liverworts consist of 2 main growth forms:
A
thallus
leafy
25
liverworts reproduction (2)
- asexual (break apart + gemmae)
| - sexual (antheridiophores + archegoniophores + moss-like sporophytes)
26
hornworts aka
anthocerophyta
27
hornworts are thallus plants with
long sporophytes with indeterminate growth (open like a bean)
28
hornworts have
stomata on sporophytes
29
hornworts have fewer
species than other nonvascular plants (100)
30
hornworts use
N-fixing bac in thalli
31
mosses aka
Bryophyta
32
mosses are generally
leafy
33
most basal moss group
sphagnum mosses
34
sphagnum mosses have
dead cells for water storage
35
"true" mosses typically have (3)
a sporophyte like Mnium
capsule w/ peristome
hardum-vascular strand w/ hydroids & leptoids
36
seedless vascular plants =
basal vascular plants
37
what type of group are seedless vascular plants
paraphyletic
38
all seedless vascular plants have xylem with
lignified tracheids
39
all seedless vascular plants have phloem with
sieve cells
40
all seedless vascular plants have dominant
sporophyte generation
41
all seedless vascular plants have
free-living gametophytes
42
all seedless vascular plants disperse
spores long distances
43
all seedless vascular plants sperm
swim short distances
44
cooksonia =
early vascular plant
45
cooksonia roots -->
none
46
cooksonia have terminal
sporangia
47
cooksonia stele =
protostele
48
cooksonia exhibit
dichotomous branching
49
lycopodiophyta exhibit
dichotomous branching
50
lycopodiophyta stele =
protostele
51
lycopodiophyta leaf like structures are
microphylls = one vascular bundle in leaf
52
lycopods are
homosporous = producing only one kind of spore (no sex diff)
53
lycopods lack
ligules (narrow blades like grass)
54
lycopods =
most basal extant lycopodiophyta
55
selaginella =
more derived extant lycopodiophyta
56
selaginella are
heterosporous (producing diff sex spores)
57
selaginella have
legumes
58
lycopodium cernuum lives in
Hawaii
59
lycopodium cernuum branches
dichotomous
60
lycopodium cernuum has
cones (strobili) at the tips of some of its branches
61
lycopodium cernuum the leaves in the strobili are
sporophylls
62
Lepidodendron are
heterosporous
63
Lepidodendron produces
wood but no 2* phloem
64
Lepidodendron female gametophyte are
seed-like, bigger than your thumb
65
Lepidodendron dominated
early coal forests (30 m tall)
66
Lepidodendron became extinct as
earth began to dry
67
Monilophytes =
ferns &; their relatives
68
Monilophyte group generally have (2)
- megaphylls (euphyllophytes / leaves with branched vascular bundles)
- siphonostele (not all of them)
69
Monilophytes evolved before
carboniferous period
70
in vascular plants -->
sporangia are produced by sporophylls
71
Leptosporangiate ferns have
Leptosporangia = each sporangium comes from one cell
72
ferns =
leptosporangiate ferns + eusporangiate ferns
73
eusporangiate ferns have
eusporangia = each sporangium arise from several cells
74
leptosporangiate ferns leaves are
large (double for photosynthesis and as sporophylls)
75
leptosporangiate have loads of
sporangia on sori or other groupings
76
leptosporangiate stems are
usually stems, but some ferns have long, upright shoots
77
leptosporangiate venation =
circinate
78
psilotales aka
whisk ferns
79
psilotales exhibit
basal vegetative traits
80
psilotales branching =
dichotomous
81
psilotales stele =
protostele
82
psilotales leaves =
enations (leaves)
83
psilotales have no
roots (instead, symbiotic fungi)
84
psilotales synangia comprised of
3 sporangia
85
psilotales have some
gametophytes that are subterranean
86
equisetales aka
horse tails
87
equisetales have
hollow stems
88
equisetales stele
eustele
89
equisetales exhibit
small, dead leaves (actually macrophylls)
90
equisetales have terminal
strobili (homosporous & silica rich)
91
prior to seed evolution: (2)
esteles evolved
| bifacial vascular cambium
92
spermatophytes aka
seed plants
93
why the spermatophyte name?
sperm = seed
94
spermatophytes have dominant
sporophyte
95
spermatophytes house
female gametophyte and developing embryo on parent plant (not free-living)
96
spermatophytes female gametophyte...
no longer separated from sporophyte (housed on ovule)
97
spermatophytes pollen grain =
immature male gametophytes
98
spermatophytes male & female gametophytes are
extremely reduced in size
| - fewer cells
99
spermatophytes male gametophytes are
made up of 3 cells
100
spermatophytes male gametophytes pollen is
surrounded by sporopollenin
101
in the nonvascular and seedless vascular plants, sporopollenin was
in the walls of spores
102
spermatophytes allowed
migration to drier habitats (important during drying of the Permian)
103
Seed Plant (Gymnosperm) Ovule Development
```
Only one megaspore (n) develops from megaspore
mother cell (2n); the 3 other cells from meiosis die
```
104
male gametophytes are produced by
microspores
105
Cycadophyta evolved
280 mya
106
Cycadophyta dominated during
Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
107
Cycadophyta are
dioecious (male and female plants)
108
Cycadophyta have
flagellated sperm
109
Cycadophyta male cones
are persistent
110
Cycadophyta female cones
usually break apart
111
Cycadophyta leaves are
evergreen
112
Ginkgophyta only have
1 extant species
113
Ginkgophyta exhibit
fleshy seeds (seed coat has several layers)
114
Ginkgophyta are
dioecious
115
Ginkgophyta have no
persistent "cones" (strobili)
116
Ginkgophyta have
flagellated sperm
117
Coniferophyta is the most
species group of gymnosperms
118
Coniferophyta female cones (strobili) are
persistent
119
Coniferophyta sperm are
not flagellated
120
Coniferophyta are typically
evergreen trees and shrubs
121
Coniferophyta are mostly
monoecious (some dioecious; Podocarpus)
122
Coniferophyta are the most...
successful phylum outside of the Angiosperms in temperate regions
123
Gnetales are
in or sister to Coniferophyta
124
Gnetales were once considered
the sister group to the flowering plants
125
Gnetales = most...
diverse group morphologically
126
Gnetales strobili
if present, very flower-like
- nectar
- few parts
- 1 seeded
127
Gnetales exhibit
vessels!
128
Ginkgophyta seed coat with
several layers (fleshy outside / hard inside)
129
Ginkgophyta were never
dominant
130
Southern Hemisphere conifers =
dioecious (male & female cones on same plant)
131
Northern Hemisphere conifers =
monoecious
