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Correlation 1 > Groundwater > Flashcards

Groundwater Flashcards

1
Q

is a valuable natural resource that provides about half of our drinking water and is essential to the vitality of agriculture and industry.

A

Groundwater

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2
Q

the upper limit o saturation zone

A

Water Table

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3
Q

Some of the water that soaks in does not
travel far, because it is held by molecular
attraction as a surface film on soil particles

A

Zone of Soil Moisture

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4
Q

Water that is not held as soil moisture will
percolate downward until it reaches a zone
where all of the open spaces in sediment and
rock are completely filled with water.

A

Zone of Saturation

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5
Q
  • the area above the water table where the

soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated

A

Unsaturated Zone

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6
Q

Streams may gain water from the inflow of

groundwater through the streambed.

A

Gaining Stream

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7
Q

Streams may lose water to the groundwater system by

outflow through the streambed.

A

Losing Stream

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8
Q

a stream gains in some sections and loses in others.

A

Losing Stream (Disconnected)

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9
Q

which is the percentage of the total volume of rock

or sediment that consists of pore spaces.

A

Porosity

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10
Q

ability to transmit a fluid

A

Permeability

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11
Q

Impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water

movement

A

Aquitards

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12
Q
  • Permeable rock strata or sediments that transmit

groundwater freely

A

Aquifer

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13
Q

is a coefficient that takes into account the permeability of the aquifer and the viscosity of the fluid.

A

Hydraulic Conductivity

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14
Q

When the water table intersects Earth’s surface, a natural outflow of groundwater results

A

Spring

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15
Q

a localized zone of saturation called a _________

A

perched watertable

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16
Q

Often when water is withdrawn from a well,

the water table around the well is lowered.

A

Drawdown

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17
Q

a depression in the water table,

roughly conical in shape

A

Cone of Depression

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18
Q

if water rises, sometimes overflowing at the surface

A

Artisan

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19
Q

aquitards, both above and below the aquifer, must be present to prevent the water from escaping. Such an aquifer is called a

A

Confined Aquifer

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20
Q

is 6 to 9 °C (11 to 16 °F) warmer than the mean annual air temperature for the localities where they occur

A

Hot Spring

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21
Q

intermittent hot springs or fountains where
columns of water are ejected with great force at
various intervals

A

Geysers

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22
Q
  • When the water contains dissolved silica deposited around the spring
A

Silica Sinters or Geyserite

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23
Q

When the water contains dissolved calcium

carbonate deposited around the spring

A

Calcareous Tufa or Travertine

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24
Q

harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water.

A

Geothermal Energy

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25
Q

The most spectacular results of groundwater’s erosional handiwork

A

Caverns

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26
Q

The various dripstone features found in caverns

A

Speleothems

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27
Q

These icicle-like pendants hang from the ceiling of the cavern

A

Stalactite

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28
Q

Speleothems that form on the floor of a cavern and reach upward toward the ceiling.

A

Stalagmite

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29
Q

Joining of stalagmite and stalactite

A

Column

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30
Q

Karst areas typically have irregular terrain punctuated with many depressions

A

Sinkhole

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31
Q

is appropriate because the landscape consists of a maze of isolated steep-sided hills that rise abruptly from the ground.

A

Tower

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32
Q

Hydrosphere

Ocean - %
Ice Sheets
Groundwater
Freshwater lakes
Saline Lakes and Inland Sea
Soil Moisture
Atmosphere
Stream Channel
A
  1. 2%
  2. 8%
  3. 62%
  4. 009%
  5. 008%
  6. 005%
  7. 001%
  8. 0001%
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33
Q

When precipitation falls on land, it either soaks into the

ground

A

Infiltration

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34
Q

some of the water that soaks into the ground is absorbed by plants, which later release it into the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

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35
Q

involve the transfer of water from the surface directly to

the atmosphere

A

Evapotranspiration

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36
Q

Runoff initially flows in broad, thin sheets across hillslopes

A

Sheet Flow

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37
Q

This thin, unconfined flow eventually develops threads of current that form tiny channels

A

Rills

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38
Q

Rills meet to form gullies, which join to form brooks, creeks, or streams—then, when they reach an undefined size

A

River

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39
Q

Each drainage basin is bounded by an imaginary line

A

Divide

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40
Q

area of ground that supplies water to a river system, its

is drained by its rivers and tributaries.

A

Catchment Area or Drainage Basin

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41
Q

the volume of water flowing in a river in a time period

A

Discharge

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42
Q

when the supplied water and discharge shows moderate variation throughout the year

A

Perennial

43
Q

when the drainage area is small and/or seasonal rainfall will cause high variations in terms of discharge

A

Ephemeral

44
Q

when the level of water within the channel is below the channel bank

A

Low Flow Stage

45
Q

the stream’s potential to do work or the ability of the stream to erode and transport sediments, it is varied throughout the channel due to frictional resistance.

A

Flow Velocity

46
Q

when the level of the water is near or at the channel bank.

A

High Stage Flow or Bank Full Flow

47
Q

the deepest part of a channel, the highest velocity, formed when the frictional effect caused by the interaction of your water flow to the floor of your channel

A

Thalweg

48
Q

the slope of the stream, expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance, varied along the course of the a particular stream

A

Gradient

49
Q

refers to the amount of flow in contact other channel with the banks and bed of the channel

A

Wetted Perimeter

50
Q
  • the removal of blocks from the bed of the channel, aided by fracturing and weathering that loosen the blocks sufficiently so they are moveable during times of high flow rates. It is mainly the result of the impact forces exerted by flowing water
A

Quarrying

51
Q

is the process by which the bed and banks of a bedrock channel are ceaselessly bombarded by particles carried into the flow.

A

Abrasion

52
Q

are created by the abrasive action of particles swirling in fast-moving eddies and with time produces smooth circular depression.

A

Potholes

53
Q

formerly called grand base level by Powell

A

Ultimate Base Level

Sea Level

54
Q

downward limit to stream erosion

A

Base Level

55
Q
  • include lakes, resistant layers of rock, and rivers that act as base levels for their tributaries.
A

Local or Temporary Base Level

56
Q

stream’s gradient is steep and the channel is well above base level, down cutting is the dominant activity. Abrasion caused by bed load sliding and rolling along
the bottom and the hydraulic power of fast moving water slowly lower the stream bed

A

Valley Deepening

57
Q

graded condition, down cutting becomes less dominant and at this point the stream’s channel takes on a meandering pattern, and more of its energy is directed from side to side

A

Valley Widening

58
Q

when rivers have meandering channels that

flow in steep, narrow, bedrock valleys

A

Incised Meanders

59
Q

are remnants of a former floodplain are sometimes

present as relatively flat surfaces

A

Stream Terraces

60
Q

mineral-rich water dispersed throughout the flow, formed from groundwater percolated through the bedrock and dissolve soluble rocks.

A

Dissolved Load

61
Q

load is carried in suspension and is indicated by a muddy appearance as it usually carries fine sand, silt and clay size particles.

A

Suspended Load

62
Q

is defined as the speed at which a particle falls through a still fluid

A

Settling Velocity

63
Q

carries coarser sediments like coarse sand and gravel size sediments along the surface of the bed by rolling, sliding or saltation.

A

Bed Load

64
Q

is the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit time

A

Capacity

65
Q

is a measure of a stream’s ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity

A

Competence

66
Q

form where sediment-charged streams enter the relatively still waters of a lake, an inland sea, or the ocean

A

Delta

67
Q

is the general term for sediment deposited by streams

A

Alluvium

68
Q

smaller channels that flow away from the main channel when river seeks shorter, higher-gradient routes to base level

A

Distributaries

69
Q

meandering rivers tend to build levees parallel to channels, built by years of successive floods

A

Natural Levees

70
Q

the region of undrained water behind the natural levee

A

Back Swamp

71
Q

streams that often flow kilometers in the back swamp before finding an area to enter the main stream

A

Yazoo Tributary

72
Q

fan-shaped deposits that accumulate along steep mountain fronts

A

Alluvial Fans

73
Q

are cut into the underlying strata and typically form in the headwaters of river systems where streams
have steep slopes

A

Bedrock Channel

74
Q

form in sediment that was previously deposited in the valley

A

Alluvial Channel

75
Q

are any stream whose course is controlled by the initial slope of a land surface

A

Consequent Stream

76
Q

are not dependent on the original topography. They develop their valleys along an outcrop of less-resistant rocks or a regional fault or joint pattern, at right angles to the drainage consequent upon the slope of the land

A

Subsequent Stream

77
Q

develop their valleys on flat-lying sedimentary rocks, or on massive rocks like granite which have no structural features

A

Insequent Stream

78
Q

are flows in the same direction as that of the initial consequent stream, but which develops in response to a new base level

A

Resequent Stream

79
Q

are streams flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.

A

Obsequent Stream

80
Q

are the result of braided rivers repeatedly change position on the alluvial plain, a broad, extensive region of gravelly bar deposits many times wider than the river
channel

A

Braid Plains

81
Q 
flow in relatively deep, smooth channels and primarily
transport mud (silt and clay), sand, and occasionally
fine gravel
A

Meandering River

82
Q

at high flow stage, where water may take a short-cut over the top of a point bar and may be recognized in the deposits of a meandering river as a scour that cuts through lateral accretion surfaces

A

Chute Channel

83
Q

forms when an abandoned meander loop becomes isolated and the still water will either be filled with deposits through flooding or choked with vegetation

A

Oxbow lake

84
Q
  • is the process in which the river changes
    its position in some way, either by shifting sideways,
    as above, or if the channel changes position on the
    floodplain
A

Avulsion

85
Q

is commonly used for a river or stream in a

desert with ephemeral flow

A

Wadi

86
Q

are cones of detritus that form at a break in slope at the edge of an alluvial plain

A

Alluvial Fan

87
Q
  • larger deposits formed by the lateral migration of a river to produce a cone of detritus
A

Megafan

88
Q

Sediment bodies that consist of a mixture of talus deposits and debris-flow deposits, common in subpolar regions where gravity processes are augmented by wet mass flows of debris

A

Colluvial Fan

89
Q

funnels the drainage to the basin margin: at this point the valley opens out and there is a change in gradient allowing water and sediment to spread out

A

Feeder Canyon

90
Q

is the highest, most proximal point adjacent to the feeder canyon from which the fan form radiates

A

Fan Apex

91
Q

is a relatively steep depositional surface and there is a distinct break in slope at the fan toe and may be incised into the fan surface near the apex

A

Fan-Head Canyon

92
Q

is the limit of the deposition of coarse detritus at the edge of the alluvial fan

A

Fan Toe

93
Q

a viscous slurry of material that spreads out on the fan surface as a lobe It does not travel far and a small, relatively steep, alluvial fan cone is built up if this is the dominant process.

A

Debris Flow Fan

94
Q

a rapid, supercritical, turbulent flow that occurs on slopes of about 3 to 5 degrees

A

Sheetflood Fan

95
Q

– channelised, in large extent (>4km), with moderate gradient. It resembles fluvial deposits but has
radial variation in clast size and dispersal pattern

A

Stream Channel Fan

96
Q
  • inland bodies of water, aka inland seas
A

lake

97
Q
  • forms if the lake is filled to the spill point and there is
    a balance of water supply into and out of the
    basin. There is a constant supply of water.
A

Hydrologically Open lake

98
Q

are perennial, supplied by rivers containing dissolved ions weathered from bedrock and in a climatic setting where there are relatively high rates of evaporation

A

Saline Lake

99
Q

is one where the fluvial input is approximately balanced by the loss through evaporation

A

Balanced Filled

100
Q
  • form if the rate of evaporation exceeds or balances
    the rate of water supply there is no outflow
    from the lake
A

Hydrologically Closed Lake

101
Q

deposits are characterized by accumulation both at the margins, where sediment is supplied to deltas and beaches, and in the deep water from suspension and turbidity currents

A

Overfilled

102
Q

are climate dependent on which they can be like freshwater lakes exhibiting thermal stratification on wet and cooler conditions while show sequence of evaporitic depositions in an arid environment

A

Underfilled

103
Q

are algae belonging to the Chlorophyta which are seen in many ancient lacustrine sediments in the form of calcareous encrusted stems and spherical
reproductive bodies.

A

Charophytes

104
Q

are bright white cherty beds made up of silica

from diatom phytoplankton , deposited cold mountainous or polar environment and are abundant in glacial lakes

A

Diatomites

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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