GROUP 1 UNIT 2: FOUNDATION CONCEPTS: THE COMPONENTS OF IS Flashcards
______underlie all business processes, as well as our understanding of information systems and technologies.
System Concepts
E-business and e-commerce applications involve interconnected business information systems
Applications
Managing information technology emphasizes the quality, strategic business value, and security of an organization’s information systems.
Management
Computer networks are systems of information processing components that use a variety of hardware, software, data management, and telecommunications network technologies
Technology
A ______ is defined as a set of interrelated components, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achieve a common set of objectives by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process
system
Systems have three basic functions:
Input, Processing, Output
Developing ways to use information technology in business includes designing the basic components of information systems
Development
involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. For example, raw materials, energy, data, and human effort must be secured and organized for processing.
Input
involves transformation processes that convert input into output. Examples are manufacturing processes, the human breathing process, or mathematical calculations
Processing
involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. For example, finished products, human services, and management information must be transmitted to their human users.
Output
Example: A manufacturing system accepts raw materials as input and produces finished goods as output. An information system is a system that accepts resources (data) as input and processes them into products (information) as output. A ________ is a system in which human and economic resources are transformed by various business processes into goods and services.
business organization
The system concept becomes even more useful by including two additional elements: _____ and ____. A system with feedback and control functions is sometimes called a________, that is, a self-monitoring, self-regulating system
Feedback and Control, cybernetic system
is data about the performance of a system.
Feedback
For example, data about sales performance are feedback to a sales manager. Data about the speed, altitude, attitude, and direction of an aircraft are feedback to the aircraft’s pilot or autopilot.
Feedback
involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal. The control function then makes the necessary adjustments to a system’s input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output.
Control
For example, a sales manager exercises control when reassigning salespersons to new sales territories after evaluating feedback about their sales performance. An airline pilot, or the aircraft’s autopilot, makes minute adjustments after evaluating the feedback from the instruments to ensure that the plane is exactly where the pilot wants it to be
Control
Another example is the _______, which can be regarded as a cybernetic system that automatically monitors and adjusts many of its functions, such as temperature, heartbeat, and breathing. A business also has many control activities. For example, computers may monitor and control manufacturing processes, accounting procedures help control financial systems, data entry displays provide control of data entry activities, and sales quotas and sales bonuses attempt to control sales performance.
Human body
A ______ does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it exists and functions in an environment containing other systems.
system
____ include end users and IS specialist
People Resources
People who use an information system or the information it produces.
End- users
End-users also called as _______
Users or clients
They can be customers, salespersons, engineers, clerks, accountants, or managers and are found at all levels of an organization.
End-users
In fact, most of us are information system________. Most end users in business are________, that is, people who spend most of their time communicating and collaborating in teams and workgroups and creating, using, and distributing information
End-users, knowledge workers
are people who develop and operate information systems
IS specialists
They include systems analysts, software developers, system operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel
IS specialists
concerned with or relating to work in an office, especially routine documentation and administrative tasks.
Clerical
_______design information systems based on the information requirements of end users, software developers create computer programs based on the specifications of systems analysts, and system operators help monitor and operate large computer systems and networks
Systems analysts
Specifically, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is, tangible objects on which data are recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic or optical disks
Hardware Resources
The concept of _________ includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing.
hardware resources
Examples of hardware in computer-based information systems are:
a. Computer Systems
b. Computer Peripherals
Telecommunications technologies and networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets are essential to the successful e-business and e-commerce operations of all types of organizations and their computer-based information systems
Network Resources
which consist of central processing units containing microprocessors and a variety of interconnected peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, monitors, and so on
Computer systems
Examples are handheld, laptop, tablet, or desktop microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large mainframe computer systems.
Computer Systems
Thus, data are usually subjected to a value-added process (data processing or information processing) during which
- their form is aggregated, manipulated, and organized
- their content is analyzed and evaluated, and
- they are placed in a proper context for a human use
The ______ of information systems are typically organized, stored, and accessed by a variety of data resource management technologies into:
_____ that hold processed and organized data
______ that hold knowledge in variety of forms, such as facts, rules and case examples about successful business practices
Data resources, databases, knowledge bases
Alternatively, salespersons might capture sales data using computer keyboards or optical scanning devices; they are visually prompted to enter data correctly by video displays. This method provides them with a more convenient and efficient user interface, that is, methods of end-user input and output with a computer system. Methods such as optical scanning and displays of menus, prompts, and fill-in-the-blank formats make it easier for end users to enter data correctly into an information system.
Input of Data Resources, source document
For example, data about sales transactions may be accumulated, processed, and stored in a Web-enabled sales database that can be accessed for sales analysis reports by managers and marketing professionals. ______ are used by knowledge management systems and expert systems to share knowledge or give expert advice on specific subjects.
Knowledge bases
More specifically, data are objective measurements of the______ (the characteristics) of _____(e.g., people, places, things, events).
Attributes, entities
If a system is one of the components of a larger system, it is a _______, and the larger system is its environment.
subsystem
Are raw facts or observations, typically about physical phenomena or business transactions. For example, a spacecraft launch or the sale of an automobile would generate a lot of data describing those events.
Data
as data that have been converted into a meaningful and useful context for specific end users
information
Data is _______: A list of numbers or names, by itself, does not provide any understanding of the context in which it was recorded
Context independent
For _____, both the context of the data and the perspective of the person accessing the data become essential.
information
