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1
Q

Prior to the 1960s, most counseling took place in what setting?

A

In a dyadic relationship - Counseling primarily occurred in a dyadic setup, involving just the counselor and counselee, unlike later developments in family and behavioral therapies.

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2
Q

What elements define a ‘group’ in counseling?

A

A membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction, and a shared purpose - A group in counseling is characterized by these elements which encapsulate the full definition of a group.

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3
Q

Who coined the term ‘group therapy’ in 1931?

A

Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama - Jacob Moreno introduced ‘group therapy,’ building on his experiences with therapeutic theatrical productions without scripts.

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4
Q

In the 1940s, which two organizations for group therapy were created?

A

The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) - These organizations were established to formalize the practice of group therapy, significantly influenced by Jacob Moreno’s work.

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5
Q

Whose work is considered a preface to the group movement?

A

Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis - Their early work in school guidance and individual psychology laid foundational concepts that influenced group counseling techniques.

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6
Q

What is the focus of primary groups in counseling?

A

Preventive and attempt to ward off problems - Primary groups focus on promoting healthy lifestyles or coping strategies to prevent problems before they occur.

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7
Q

What implies that a group is classified as secondary?

A

A difficulty or disturbance is present - Secondary groups address existing problems that are not severe and include preventive aspects.

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8
Q

What distinguishes a tertiary group in counseling?

A

The tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology - Tertiary groups focus on more serious and longstanding individual issues.

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9
Q

What do group norms govern?

A

Acceptable behavior and group rules - Norms are the explicit and implicit rules that dictate expected behaviors within the group.

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10
Q

What catalyzed the flourishing of group therapy in the United States?

A

A shortage of individual therapists during World War II - The shortage of therapists during the war necessitated the use of group therapy to meet the high demand for psychological services.

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11
Q

What does group process refer to?

A

The manner in which discussions and transactions occur - Group process analyzes the interactions and dynamics of the group during discussions.

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12
Q

What does group cohesiveness refer to?

A

Forces which tend to bind group members together - Cohesiveness is the sense of belonging and mutual support among group members.

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13
Q

How does group therapy differ from group counseling?

A

Group therapy would be of longer duration, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group - Group therapy often deals with more severe issues requiring longer and more intensive sessions.

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14
Q

Are structured exercises more effective than unstructured techniques in group work?

A

Structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques - Unstructured methods are generally found to be more effective due to their flexibility and depth of emotional engagement.

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15
Q

What is a disadvantage of a counselor being too focused on group processes?

A

Individual issues are not properly examined - Focusing too much on group dynamics can lead to neglect of individual members’ specific concerns.

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16
Q

According to the risky shift phenomenon, how does a group decision compare to an individual’s decision?

A

The group decision will be less conservative than the average group member’s decision, prior to the group discussion - Group decisions tend to be less conservative, reflecting a more daring approach than individual choices.

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17
Q

What does the “T” in T-groups stand for?

A

Training - T-groups are focused on training, often used in organizational settings to enhance interpersonal relations and team dynamics.

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18
Q

What characterizes most assertiveness training groups?

A

Behavioristic and highly structured - Assertiveness training typically involves structured exercises to effectively teach assertive behavior techniques.

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19
Q

How is Weight Watchers classified in terms of group type?

A

Self-help or support group, as is AA - Weight Watchers operates as a self-help group where members support each other in achieving weight control.

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20
Q

When is screening recommended for potential group members according to the ACA and the ASGW?

A

For all groups - Screening is advised for all potential group members to ensure the appropriateness and effectiveness of the group composition.

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21
Q

Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?

A

An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker - Such individuals may disrupt group dynamics due to aggressive behavior, making them less suited for most counseling groups.

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22
Q

Who would be the poorest choice for a group member at a college counseling center?

A

A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic - Due to the severity and nature of the issues, this individual might require more intensive individual therapy rather than group counseling.

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23
Q

Why are private screening sessions considered superior by many group leaders?

A

They intensify counselor-client interaction - Private screenings allow for more in-depth understanding and rapport building between the counselor and potential group members.

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24
Q

What is the most important trait for group members according to most experts?

A

Trust - Trust is fundamental for the effective functioning of a group as it fosters open communication and support among members.

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25
How do open and closed groups differ?
Closed groups allow no new members after the group begins - Closed groups have a set roster of members with no new entries once the group has started.
26
What is a major advantage of a closed group versus an open group?
It promotes cohesiveness - The stability of membership in closed groups enhances unity and trust among the members.
27
What is a major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group?
If everyone quits, you will be left with no group members - Closed groups risk becoming non-functional if all members leave and no new members can join.
28
In what way is the number of people in an open group generally described?
More stable than in a closed group - Open groups can maintain stability in membership numbers by allowing new members to join as others leave.
29
What is a distinct disadvantage of an open group?
A member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences - New members in open groups may lack context or miss out on prior group experiences.
30
What is the best practice for a counselor when a group member is speaking?
Try to face the group member - Facing the speaker promotes attentiveness and respect, facilitating effective communication within the group.
31
In a flexible seating group setting, which pairing is likely?
An Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together - Similarities such as racial or ethnic background often influence seating choices in group settings.
32
In a group setting with flexible seating, who is likely to sit close together?
A Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together - Similar social or stylistic choices, such as wearing designer suits, can influence seating preferences.
33
Which statement illustrates a leader focused on process rather than product?
“You wince whenever Jane raises her voice” - This observation focuses on how group dynamics and interactions unfold, characteristic of a process-oriented approach.
34
Which statement by a group leader focuses on product rather than process?
“Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens” - This focuses on behavioral outcomes and rewards, highlighting a product-oriented approach.
35
What does the concept of universality in groups suggest?
We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem - Universality helps members realize their experiences are shared by others, fostering a sense of community and support.
36
What were the three basic leadership styles identified in the late 1930s?
Autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire - These styles describe different approaches to leadership and their impact on group dynamics and member behavior.
37
What is characteristic of a laissez faire leader?
Has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself.
38
Which leadership style is most desirable in most situations?
The democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable.
39
Why is coleadership desirable in group settings?
The group can go on even if one leader is absent, two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills, and leaders can process their feelings between sessions.
40
What does coleadership impact?
Reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.
41
How does coleadership help when one leader is experiencing counter-transference?
It is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter-transference.
42
What can be a disadvantage of coleadership?
Leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group, leaders are intimate with each other, leaders question each other’s competence.
43
When are coleaders likely to work at cross purposes?
They do not meet between group sessions.
44
What is necessary for an effective group leader according to Gerald Corey?
Participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader’s group.
45
What is the ideal number of members for an effective adult counseling group?
5 or 6 to 8.
46
How does the effective number of members in a counseling group for children compare to that for adults?
Less members than an adult group.
47
What is the recommended session length for most group counseling sessions?
Two hours per session.
48
When should an ethical leader discuss the risks of group participation?
During the initial session with a client.
49
What is the role of an adept group leader regarding risks?
Attempt to safeguard clients against risks and work to reduce risks and dangers.
50
What should happen if a group participant wants to drop out of a closed group?
The client is allowed to withdraw.
51
What does setting no smoking and no cursing rules in a group session exemplify?
Setting ground rules.
52
What do group norms refer to?
The range of acceptable behavior within the group - Norms consist of the written or unwritten do’s and don’ts that govern group behavior.
53
The study of group operations is often called what?
Group dynamics - This term refers to the study of interrelationships and interactions among group members.
54
What does the word “dynamic” imply about a group?
Always changing - The term indicates that the group is continually evolving, not static.
55
What is a common weakness in many groups, according to experts?
A lack of goal setting - Often goals are set, but they are too vague to be effective.
56
A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is running what type of group?
A structured group - Such groups typically use many structured exercises to focus sessions and enhance learning.
57
Why do some theorists object to the term “unstructured” in group work?
A group cannot not have structure - Every group has some level of structure, even if it appears informal or fluid.
58
What effect do structured exercises early in the group have according to some research?
Structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members - Early structure helps set a productive pattern for interaction.
59
In some literature, what is group cohesiveness, or “we-ness,” also known as?
Group unity - This term denotes a sense of belonging, oneness, or togetherness within the group.
60
Which of the following is not a group role?
Reactive schizophrenia - This is not a role but a condition; other options like Energizer, Scapegoat, and Gatekeeper represent actual group roles.
61
A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as what?
An interrogator - This role involves persistently asking questions, often making others uncomfortable.
62
From a personality standpoint, what is a follower in a group characterized as?
Nonassertive - Followers typically go along with group consensus without asserting personal views.
63
Which group member may secretly wish they were running the group?
Gatekeeper - This role involves managing how communication flows in the group, often with the individual wishing they had more control.
64
Who is typically picked on in group settings?
The scapegoat - This role involves being unfairly blamed for problems within the group.
65
Who is most likely to urge a non-participating female group member to join in?
Gatekeeper - This role often takes on the responsibility of ensuring everyone participates.
66
When cohesiveness is strong in a group, what negative aspects can it also promote?
It can stunt creativity and boost conformity - High cohesiveness can pressure members to conform, potentially stifling individual creativity and diversity of thought.
67
In a healthy group, members should be what regarding their roles?
Flexible and can change roles - Adaptability in roles ensures the group can meet its changing needs effectively.
68
Task roles in a group are seen as positive because they do what?
Help solve problems, aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused - Task roles are essential for driving the group towards its objectives and maintaining focus on goals.
69
Like task roles, what do maintenance roles promote in a group?
Help to maintain the group - These roles support the group’s processes and strengthen its function.
70
Why are self-serving or individual roles considered negative in a group setting?
They work against the group and serve the individual, not the group - Such roles prioritize personal needs at the expense of group cohesion and goals.
71
What can suffer if a group remains too rigidly in task or maintenance roles?
If stuck in task roles, interaction suffers; if in maintenance roles, little work gets done - Flexibility in roles is crucial for balancing group interaction and productivity.
72
What is role conflict defined as in group dynamics?
A discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way they actually behave - This tension can disrupt group harmony and effectiveness.
73
How is group development usually expressed?
Theories of group stages - Understanding these stages helps in managing group dynamics effectively.
74
Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen’s group stage paradigm is similar to Yalom’s orientation stage?
Forming - This stage involves group formation and setting norms, similar to Yalom’s orientation.
75
What does the final stage in theories of group stages generally deal with?
Separation and termination - This stage focuses on ending the group process and addressing issues related to concluding group activities.
76
What characterizes the initial group stage known as forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage?
Approach-avoidance behavior - Members want to be accepted but are apprehensive about participating and the potential for rejection.
77
When would a client generally feel the most suspicious of others?
In the group formation/exploratory stage - New members often feel uncertain and wary, assessing trustworthiness and safety among peers.
78
In which stage do fights between subgroups and rebellion against the leader typically occur?
The second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage - This stage involves struggles for power and control within the group.
79
When does a hierarchy or pecking order among members typically develop in a group?
In the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage - This stage sees members establishing ranks and subgroups within the group structure.
80
When does group planning occur?
Before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group - Effective group management involves continuous planning from inception through operation.
81
What is the focus of the final group stage, also known as the termination stage?
Breaking away - This stage is geared toward concluding the group process, helping members prepare for separation and continuation of progress outside the group setting.
82
What is a group therapist constructing when making a diagram to understand dynamics between subgroups and members?
Charting a pictorial sociogram - This technique visually maps relationships and interactions within the group, aiding in understanding the social dynamics.
83
What is promoted when a group leader asks each member to summarize what they learned during a session?
Summarization - This technique helps consolidate learning and ensures members are aware of their takeaways from the session.
84
What technique should a leader use to stop inappropriate discussion in a group?
Blocking - This technique prevents harmful behaviors or discussions that could negatively impact group dynamics or individual members.
85
What is it called when a leader relates one person’s predicament to another’s within a group setting?
Linking - This method helps members see commonalities in their situations, promoting empathy and understanding.
86
What are strategies that approach the group as a whole known as?
Horizontal interventions - These strategies focus on the group collectively rather than on individual members.
87
What are strategies that focus on an individual member of the group known as?
Vertical interventions - These interventions address the issues or dynamics of specific members within the group context.
88
Does a group therapist have to make more or fewer decisions compared to an individual therapist?
More decisions than an individual therapist - Managing group dynamics and the needs of multiple participants requires a higher volume of decision-making.
89
What does the research literature reveal about the relationship between group counseling practitioners and researchers?
A researcher/practitioner split exists in group work - This indicates a divergence in focus and priorities between those researching group counseling and those practicing it.
90
What is predicted for the future role of group leaders?
Group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers - Emphasizing a comprehensive model that addresses a broad spectrum of issues.
91
According to researchers, why are groups effective?
Although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true - The effectiveness of groups is recognized, though the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.
92
What is a major limitation related to group work?
A group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm - This highlights the potential risks when group dynamics are not effectively managed.
93
What is a major advantage of group work compared to individual work?
Members learn to give help in addition to receiving it, and group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling sessions - This economic efficiency and mutual support are key benefits of group settings.
94
What best depicts a major advantage of group work?
The group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life - This simulates real-world social dynamics, allowing practical skills development.
95
Which factor is not considered a curative factor by Irvin Yalom?
Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind - These are psychoanalytic concepts, not aligned with Yalom’s existential and group therapy perspectives.
96
In terms of the group leader’s personality, what impact do qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have?
These qualities may be helpful to a very small degree - Studies show that there are no “special characteristics” that significantly predict the effectiveness of group leaders.
97
What is the intention of group intervention according to R. K. Conyne?
To prevent, correct, or enhance behavior - This approach aligns with Conyne’s “group work grid” model, which includes intervention at individual, interpersonal, organization, and community levels.
98
How should a group leader ideally assess the impact of the group?
Have an outside “observer” sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change - Using an independent observer helps ensure unbiased assessment of the group’s effectiveness.
99
What could enhance the treatment process for a group leader counseling children under 10 years of age?
Involving parents and asking them for input - Parental involvement can reduce resistance and improve cooperation, which is particularly effective in therapeutic settings for children.
100
When an adolescent complains about their parents in the group, what is the best approach for the group leader?
Avoid taking sides but help the adolescent see the parents’ point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing - This approach fosters understanding without alienating the parents or the adolescent, maintaining a balanced perspective.

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