Random Questions From App Flashcards
1
Q
What is the purpose of a summative evaluation in program evaluation?
A
Summative evaluations assess the effectiveness of a program after its implementation. They measure outcomes, such as changes in behavior, attitudes, or knowledge, to determine whether the program met its goals and should be continued.
2
Q
What is the most ethical and appropriate course of action when a doctor requests information about an unconscious client in a medical emergency?
A
Provide only the minimum necessary information relevant to the client’s treatment. HIPAA permits limited disclosure in medical emergencies when the client cannot provide consent, ensuring confidentiality while protecting the client’s life.
3
Q
What is a potential consequence of a documentation error regarding reimbursement from insurance companies?
A
A documentation error can lead to a denial of reimbursement for services provided. Counselors must ensure accurate and complete documentation to avoid reimbursement issues.
4
Q
How does a unidimensional scale compare with a multidimensional scale?
A
A unidimensional scale measures a single construct or dimension (e.g., anxiety or self-esteem), whereas a multidimensional scale assesses multiple constructs (e.g., anxiety, self-esteem, and depression).
5
Q
Which of the following is an example of a mindfulness-based intervention technique?
A
All of the above (Body scan meditation, journaling, and guided imagery). These practices help regulate emotions, build distress tolerance, and promote present-moment awareness.
6
Q
What ethical considerations should counselors keep in mind when working with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds?
A
Counselors should be aware of cultural stereotypes, be sensitive to the client’s values and beliefs, and be willing to refer clients to professionals who share their cultural background to provide competent care.
7
Q
In group dynamics, who is frequently the target of blame or negative focus by other members?
A
The scapegoat. This member is often unfairly criticized or blamed, making them the target of group negativity.
8
Q
What is assertiveness training that involves role-playing to practice assertive behaviors in a controlled setting called?
A
Behavioral rehearsal. This technique helps clients practice assertive behaviors through role-play, with the counselor modeling appropriate responses.
9
Q
Why might behavior therapists generally refrain from employing punishment in their practices?
A
Punishment’s effects are often temporary, and it may foster aggressive behaviors. It suppresses behavior without leading to lasting change and can inadvertently teach undesirable behaviors.
10
Q
What type of validity does a job assessment tool need to effectively forecast future job performance?
A
High criterion/predictive validity. This type of validity measures how well a test predicts future performance in a specific criterion, such as job success.
11
Q
What term describes a state of confusion or uncertainty about one’s self-concept, beliefs, values, and goals?
A
Identity crisis. An identity crisis occurs when an individual struggles to form a clear sense of identity, leading to confusion and uncertainty. Erik Erikson identified this as a critical stage in psychosocial development.
12
Q
What is the primary function of the “Assessment” section in a SOAP note?
A
The Assessment section documents the counselor’s observations and evaluations of the client, including insights, impressions, and any diagnoses or assessments made based on the session.
13
Q
When is the fear of death most prominent in life?
A
The fear of death is most prominent during middle age (40–60 years) due to increased awareness of mortality, the physical decline of aging, the loss of loved ones, and reflections on life’s accomplishments.
14
Q
A client in an outpatient program maintaining a diary of irrational thoughts is engaging in what type of assessment?
A
An informal assessment technique. Journaling irrational thoughts helps counselors understand a client’s thought patterns, emotions, and behaviors in therapy.
15
Q
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of a healthy therapeutic relationship?
A
Power imbalance. A healthy therapeutic relationship is based on trust, empathy, and mutual respect. A power imbalance can make a client feel uncomfortable and hinder open communication.
16
Q
What are some potential challenges a group ‘internal leader’ may face within a group session?
A
All of the above. Internal leaders may struggle with members not following through on tasks, disagreements about the topic, and a lack of respect for the group’s process.
17
Q
What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?
A
Primary drives are innate and essential for survival (e.g., hunger, thirst). Secondary drives are learned and not necessary for survival (e.g., the drive for wealth or status).
18
Q
What is the fifth stage in the Kübler-Ross model of dying/grief?
A
Acceptance. The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. These stages are not linear and may occur in different orders.
19
Q
What is cognitive dissonance according to balance theory?
A
The feeling of discomfort that arises from holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. People tend to resolve cognitive dissonance by changing their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to reduce inconsistency.
20
Q
Rogers’s approach to counseling is characterized as what type of approach?
A
Humanistic. Carl Rogers’s humanistic approach emphasizes self-concept, personal growth, and self-actualization, focusing on the individual’s potential.
21
Q
What type of note is primarily used to document the client’s presenting problems and symptoms?
A
DAP note (Data, Assessment, Plan)
A DAP note is a structured progress note used in counseling. It documents the client’s presenting issues, symptoms, and session details, helping to track progress and ensure effective treatment.
22
Q
Which of the following is a key aspect of professional orientation for counselors?
A
All of the above
Key aspects include:
• Understanding the counseling profession’s history.
• Adhering to professional ethical codes.
• Developing a personal theoretical orientation to guide therapy.
23
Q
What is the most valuable type of research a counselor can undertake?
A
Experimental research, focused on establishing significant relationships
Experimental research helps establish causal links by controlling variables and using random assignments, making it highly valuable for counseling effectiveness studies.
24
Q
According to William Glasser, a responsible person has what type of identity?
A
Success identity
Glasser emphasized that responsible individuals develop a success identity, meaning they feel worthy and significant to others, which supports mental well-being.
25
A counselor is administering a test to assess a client’s level of depression. Which test is most appropriate?
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
## Footnote
The BDI is a reliable self-report test measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. It includes 21 items assessing sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.
26
A word association test is categorized as what type of test?
Projective test
## Footnote
Projective tests present ambiguous stimuli, allowing individuals to reveal subconscious thoughts and emotions. Word association is commonly used in psychoanalysis.
27
What is the difference between a “want” and a “need” in reality therapy?
A want is something that is desired, while a need is something that is necessary for survival.
## Footnote
Needs include essentials like food and shelter, while wants involve personal goals such as career success or fulfilling relationships.
28
What is the age range for individuals who can be assessed with the WAIS-IV?
16–90 years
## Footnote
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) assesses cognitive ability in individuals aged 16 to 90 for intelligence measurement.
29
What is the purpose of a summative evaluation in program evaluation?
To assess the effectiveness of the program
## Footnote
Summative evaluations focus on outcomes, measuring behavioral and knowledge changes to determine if a program successfully achieved its goals.
30
In the context of construct validity, which of the following best exemplifies a construct that would be evaluated for this type of validity?
Ego strength
## Footnote
Construct validity examines whether a test accurately measures abstract traits, such as ego strength, which cannot be directly observed but are inferred through behaviors.
31
What does SOAP stand for in SOAP notes?
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
## Footnote
Subjective: Client’s reported symptoms, concerns, and history.
Objective: Observable data, such as behavior, appearance, and test results.
Assessment: Therapist’s interpretation based on subjective and objective findings.
Plan: Future treatment plans, goals, and interventions.
32
What is the primary purpose of a SOAP note in therapy?
SOAP notes provide a clear, structured, and concise format for documenting client progress and treatment planning. They ensure that:
• Subjective and objective data are properly recorded.
• Clinical impressions and diagnoses are documented.
• Future treatment plans are outlined to guide therapeutic interventions.
33
How does a SOAP note differ from a progress note?
SOAP notes follow a structured format (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan), while progress notes are broader and can include various documentation styles.
• SOAP Notes: Focused on organizing client data systematically.
• Progress Notes: Document overall client progress, interventions, and significant changes over time.
34
What is a progress note in counseling?
A progress note documents a client’s ongoing treatment, progress, and therapist observations. It typically includes:
• Client’s symptoms and concerns.
• Interventions used during the session.
• Client’s response to treatment.
• Any changes in the treatment plan.
35
When should a therapist write a progress note?
Progress notes should be written after each session to document:
• What occurred during the session.
• The client’s progress toward therapeutic goals.
• Any changes in symptoms, behaviors, or treatment strategies.
36
What is a case note in therapy?
A case note provides detailed documentation of significant client interactions, treatment plans, and clinical decisions. It typically includes:
• Background information about the client.
• Summary of major therapeutic interventions.
• Long-term treatment plans and referrals.
• Ethical considerations and risk assessments.
37
How do case notes differ from SOAP and progress notes?
• SOAP Notes: Structured documentation focusing on specific sessions.
• Progress Notes: Track ongoing treatment and client progress.
• Case Notes: Provide detailed clinical documentation, including treatment history, risk assessments, and major interventions.
38
What is a quasi-experiment?
A quasi-experiment is a research design that resembles an experiment but lacks random assignment of participants to conditions. It uses preexisting groups, limiting the ability to establish casual relationships.
• Used when randomization is not possible due to ethical or practical reasons.
• Compares pre-existing groups (e.g., studying the effects of a new policy in different schools).
39
How does a quasi-experiment differ from a true experiment?
The key difference is random assignment:
• True Experiment: Participants are randomly assigned to conditions, allowing for stronger causal inferences.
• Quasi-Experiment: Uses pre-existing groups or conditions, making causal conclusions less certain due to potential confounding variables.
40
What is factor analysis?
Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify underlying patterns or dimensions in a dataset by reducing many variables into fewer factors. It summarizes variables into a smaller set of essential factors.
• Helps simplify data by grouping related variables.
• Used in psychology to identify constructs like personality traits (e.g., the Big Five model).
41
Why is factor analysis useful in psychological research?
Factor analysis helps psychologists identify patterns in complex data and reduce redundancy.
• It finds latent variables (hidden constructs) that explain correlations between observed variables.
• Common in personality research, intelligence testing, and mental health assessments.
42
What is a chi-squared test used for?
A chi-squared test is a statistical test that determines if there is a significant association between categorical variables. It tests differences from expected distributions, unrelated to experimental research.
• Compares expected vs. observed frequencies in contingency tables.
43
When should you use a chi-squared test?
Use a chi-squared test when you have categorical data and want to check if variables are related.
• Goodness-of-Fit Test: Checks if observed frequencies match expected frequencies in a single variable.
• Test of Independence: Determines if two categorical variables are associated.
44
What is the age range of individuals who can be assessed with the WAIS-IV?
The WAIS-IV is used to assess cognitive ability in individuals aged 16-90.
45
What is the difference between a 'want' and a 'need' in the context of reality therapy?
'Want' is something desired, while 'need' is necessary for survival.
## Footnote
Examples of needs include food, shelter, and safety; wants may include career success and financial stability.
46
A word association test is categorized as a?
Word association tests are considered projective tests, as they require individuals to respond to ambiguous stimuli, providing insights into their thoughts and emotions.
47
What was the impact of the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. the Board of Education?
It played a pivotal role in ending public school segregation, leading to culturally diverse student populations.
48
How can the Child ego state in Transactional Analysis (TA) manifest?
The Child ego state can manifest as the Natural Child, Adapted Child, and Little Professor.
## Footnote
The Natural Child is characterized by spontaneity and impulsivity.
The Adapted Child learns to comply with external expectations to avoid punishment or criticism.
The Little Professor is creative, intuitive, and often acts on hunches without all the necessary information.
These different manifestations of the Child ego state contribute to an individual's emotional responses and behaviors.
49
Which type of career assessment is used to help individuals understand the relationship between their current life circumstances and their career development?
Life-career development assessment. This type involves interviews, observations, and assessments of current life roles, personal identity, and career goals.
50
Definition of Phenomenology and Ontology in Existential Therapy.
Phenomenology explores the client’s internal personal experience of events. Ontology is the study of being, dealing with the nature of existence and reality.
51
What do the O*NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT have in common?
Both are examples of aptitude tests, assessing abilities and skills related to career and academic pursuits.
52
What is the difference between society and culture?
Society refers to social organization and institutions of a group. Culture encompasses their shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts.
53
Which behavior is culturally learned and displayed?
Behaviors like handshakes and gestures vary by culture, showing respect or other meanings differently across global contexts.
54
How should fee adjustments in therapy be handled according to ethical guidelines?
Fee adjustments should be transparent, with advance notice, and considerate of the client’s circumstances.
55
Which theory suggests that frustration can lead to aggressive behavior?
The frustration-aggression theory by Dollard and Miller links frustration to aggression, highlighting increased likelihood of aggressive responses under frustration.
56
What are career assessments used for?
To align a person’s skills, interests, personality, and values with potential occupations, offering multiple career paths.
57
Impact on counseling relationship if a counselor fails to adhere to the principle of justice.
Client may feel discriminated against and mistreated, negatively affecting engagement and therapeutic outcome.
58
Primary advantage of using the BDI over other depression measures?
The BDI is highly reliable and valid in measuring depression severity.
59
What does informed consent in therapy not require?
Providing a provisional diagnosis at the start of treatment is not required in informed consent.
60
What is not a purpose of therapeutic assessment?
Establishing legal custody of the client is not a purpose of therapeutic assessment.
61
Factors influencing career development.
Genetics, personality, and social and cultural context can influence career development.
62
Bias demonstrated by a counselor discouraging a female client from firefighting.
Indicates a bias based on gendered perceptions, whereas career choices should be based on capabilities and interests.
63
Considerations when using career assessments.
Important to consider the client’s education, job experience, life circumstances, and salary expectations.
64
Key theorists categorized as personality-based in career counseling.
Brill, Holland, and Roe, due to their emphasis on the role of personality traits in career choices.
65
Overlooked aspects of career development.
Financial planning, work-life balance, and mentorship are critical yet often neglected.
66
Key aspects of career development.
Self-awareness, job search skills, and networking are essential for effective career development.
67
The hexagonal figure in career counseling relates to which theorist?
John Holland’s typology of personalities and work environments, often depicted hexagonally.
68
Primary goal of using career assessments with clients.
To understand clients’ unique characteristics and how they relate to career development, aligning interests, values, skills, and personality with career options.
69
Frank Parsons’ contribution to career counseling.
Known as the “father” of career counseling, Parsons’ work in “Choosing a Vocation” laid foundational texts for the field.
70
Computer-assisted tool aiding in career decisions.
O*NET, providing detailed descriptions of work tasks, skills, and abilities for various professions.
71
Notable aspect of the Self-Directed Search (SDS).
Introduced by John Holland, the SDS is self-administered, scored, and interpreted, designed to help explore career interests independently.
72
Career assessment based on the assumption past behavior predicts future behavior.
Behavioral-event interview, assessing how past situational handling might predict future actions.
73
Most prevalent theorist’s approach in contemporary career counseling.
John Holland’s theory, focusing on the congruence between personality types and work environments.
74
What is your ethical responsibility when receiving a referral for a client with a severe psychotic disorder?
Before accepting the case, evaluate your competence based on education, training, and experience. If the case is outside your expertise, consider referring the client or seeking consultation to ensure appropriate care aligns with the client’s therapy goals.
75
How should you handle a situation where a husband in couples therapy mentions buying a gun without his wife’s knowledge?
Remind the husband of the no-secrets policy in couples therapy and encourage open communication about significant decisions, ensuring transparency and maintaining trust.
76
What are the ethical next steps when a family wishes to continue therapy but cannot afford your full fee after their insurance-covered sessions end?
Discuss sliding-scale fees, payment plans, or lower-cost options. Offer assistance in transitioning to community resources or other affordable providers, ensuring continuity of care while respecting financial sustainability.
77
What is your ethical responsibility if you see a client at a public place like a yoga class?
Maintain client confidentiality by not acknowledging them unless they initiate contact. Discuss their reactions in the next session to address any impact on the therapeutic relationship.
78
How to respond to a therapy client who offers a small gift like homemade cookies during a session?
Accepting small gifts with cultural or emotional significance may be appropriate. Explore the intent behind the gift to maintain professional boundaries while respecting cultural expressions or underlying emotions.
79
What is an inappropriate response when discussing Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with a lesbian couple?
Suggesting EFT is unsuitable for same-sex couples is inappropriate. EFT is effective for diverse populations, including same-sex couples, and suggesting otherwise could perpetuate harmful stereotypes.
80
How should a counselor respond to a client’s request to view their treatment records?
Clients have a legal and ethical right to access their treatment records under standards like HIPAA and the ACA Code of Ethics. Counselors must respect this right unless there is a documented risk of harm. Providing access, whether through inspection, a copy, or a summary, and offering to discuss the records allows the counselor to support the client in processing the information and maintaining therapeutic rapport.
81
What are the ethical and legal implications of a referral agreement involving incentives between a counselor and an attorney?
The arrangement is unethical and illegal as it involves incentive-based referrals, violating professional ethics codes (e.g., ACA, NASW) and laws against fee-splitting and kickbacks. Referrals should be based solely on the client’s needs, not financial or material incentives.
82
What is your ethical responsibility when a client asks about their depression assessment scores?
Therapists must explain assessment results in understandable terms, ensuring clients are fully informed about their treatment and progress. This promotes transparency and supports the therapeutic journey.
83
What is the appropriate course of action when an elderly client discloses a physical altercation with their spouse?
Document the incident, assess for elder abuse, explore the context, consider safety risks, and determine if a report is necessary. Consider safety planning and interventions for relationship dynamics if appropriate.
84
What is the ethical and legal response when a client breaks into your office and accesses their records?
Clients must submit a formal written request to access their records. Explain the proper procedures to maintain confidentiality and professionalism, even if the client believes they have the right to immediate access.
85
How should you handle a request for bartering services in exchange for therapy sessions?
Generally discouraged due to potential conflicts of interest and dual relationships. It’s important to maintain professional boundaries and objectivity, exploring other options like sliding-scale fees instead.
86
How to make a referral for a lesbian couple experiencing domestic violence?
Focus on finding professionals with expertise in domestic violence. Consider the couple’s sexual orientation for cultural competence but prioritize addressing the violence directly.
87
What should you do when a new client reports unethical behavior by a previous therapist?
Inform the client of their options to address the behavior, such as filing a complaint with the licensing board, without directing their actions. Respect client autonomy and provide guidance.
88
What is the ethical obligation of a counselor asked to be a sponsor by a client in AA?
Explain that acting as both counselor and sponsor creates a dual relationship, which is ethically inappropriate due to potential conflicts of interest and impaired objectivity.
89
What is a microinvalidation and provide an example?
Microinvalidations are subtle communications that exclude, negate, or nullify the experiences of marginalized individuals.
## Footnote
Example: Ignoring someone’s opinion because of their race or gender, undermining their contribution based on discriminatory biases.
90
What are the layers of neurosis according to Fritz Perls?
Perls identified five layers of neurosis: phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive layers, each representing different emotional defenses that need to be addressed in therapy.
91
What is the role of the therapist in internal family systems (IFS)?
In IFS, the therapist acts as a guide, helping the client to identify and understand different personality parts without imposing advice or acting as an expert, facilitating self-discovery and internal healing.
92
Primary issue with counseling approaches in the early 1960s.
Overemphasis on intrapsychic processes, leading to less attention to social issues and broader aspects of clients’ experiences. This approach often overlooked environmental and societal impacts on individual well-being.
93
What does the social distance scale measure?
It assesses perceived psychological distance between individuals based on factors like race, ethnicity, and social class, reflecting societal attitudes and potential biases.
94
Appropriate action for a counselor when a client expresses suicidal ideation without a specific plan.
Maintain confidentiality and continue to support the client, developing a safety plan while monitoring for any escalation in risk. If a specific plan develops, consider breaking confidentiality to ensure safety.
95
What does the 'Hypochondriasis' scale on the MMPI-2 assess?
It measures the extent of somatic complaints and health concerns, indicating levels of health anxiety and preoccupation with physical symptoms, potentially without medical justification.
96
Expected change in reliability coefficient following the shortening of a test.
Generally, shortening a test decreases its reliability coefficient, as it might reduce the breadth of content covered, affecting the consistency of the test’s measures.
97
What is not commonly used as a diagnostic assessment tool?
Raven’s Progressive Matrices, primarily used for non-verbal reasoning assessments in educational settings rather than for clinical diagnostics.
98
Significance level, alpha, in hypothesis testing.
Alpha represents the threshold probability at which the null hypothesis is rejected, typically set at 0.05, indicating a 5% risk of committing a Type I error (false positive).
99
Future trends in psychological testing.
Anticipated increase in reliance on tests assessing creative and motivational factors, aiming to balance the significance of testing in evaluations with a focus on broader, less quantifiable attributes.
100
Definition of a Fixed-Action Pattern (FAP).
A sequence of unchangeable behavioral acts triggered by specific stimuli, which are inherently programmed into an organism, demonstrating predictable and consistent responses.
101
Definition and period of identity moratorium.
A developmental stage where individuals actively explore and experiment with various identities and roles to establish their personal identity, often characterized by uncertainty and exploration before reaching identity achievement.
102
Comparison between projective tests and self-report measures.
Projective tests infer unconscious desires and conflicts from ambiguous stimuli, while self-report measures directly gather data on conscious thoughts and feelings through structured questions.
103
When did the group counseling movement gain prominence, and what are its key features?
The group counseling movement began in the late 1960s, focusing on various group therapy approaches and encounter groups to facilitate personal growth and collective healing.
104
Most important professional value to demonstrate when faced with a client’s unethical or illegal behavior.
A non-judgmental attitude is crucial. It fosters a safe environment for clients to openly discuss sensitive issues, enabling constructive guidance and promoting ethical resolution of concerns.
105
Best method for a group leader to evaluate the effectiveness of the group therapy.
Using an outside observer to objectively rate behavioral changes during group sessions offers an unbiased evaluation of the group’s effectiveness, enhancing the credibility of the assessment.
106
What is not considered unprofessional conduct by a counselor legally?
An arrest without a conviction is not automatically considered unprofessional conduct. Convictions, particularly for certain offenses, define unprofessional conduct, not merely arrests.
107
Primary purpose of a professional code of ethics.
To outline ethical principles and values that professionals must uphold to protect clients and the public from unethical practices, ensuring integrity and professionalism in the field.
108
Example of implicit bias in counseling.
Treating clients differently based on unconscious assumptions or stereotypes about their race, ethnicity, or cultural background, which can influence counselor judgments and interactions.
109
Difference between programmatic and clinical intervention.
Programmatic intervention targets specific community or population issues, while clinical intervention focuses on individual therapy and personal mental health concerns.
110
Fourth stage in Tucker and Jensen’s stages of group development.
The performing stage, where group members actively make progress toward their goals, with leaders facilitating skill-building and competencies.
111
Definition of 'vertical interventions' in a group context.
Strategies focused on individual members within the group setting, addressing specific personal issues or providing targeted support to enhance individual outcomes.
112
Implication of using systematic sampling in research instead of random sampling.
Systematic sampling allows for a structured selection process and can still support a true experimental design, though it’s less random than ideal random sampling.
113
What is analogical reasoning, and how does it apply in therapy?
Analogical reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on past similar experiences to predict future outcomes. It’s used when clients apply past outcomes to potentially similar future situations.
114
Format and purpose of the SB-V assessment.
Consists of a series of problems and questions to measure various aspects of intelligence, such as reasoning and memory, offering a comprehensive cognitive evaluation.
115
What does the 'F(p)' scale on the MMPI-2 measure?
It detects exaggerated or overreported symptoms, especially in clinical contexts, indicating possible symptom exaggeration or malingering.
116
Concept of 'fictional finalism' in Adlerian psychology.
The idea that individuals create an imagined life goal that guides their behavior and decisions, emphasizing the importance of perceived future states in motivating current actions.
117
Common goal not associated with the consultation process in counseling.
Improving the consultee’s self-esteem is not a typical goal; rather, the focus is on enhancing professional skills, understanding issues, and improving service quality.
118
What is a test battery, and how is it used in assessments?
A combination of various measures that provide a comprehensive evaluation of an individual’s abilities or psychological state, enhancing the accuracy and scope of the assessment.
119
Ethical obligation of a counselor when a client with serious mental illness poses a danger.
To evaluate the credibility of the threat and possibly take protective action, ensuring the safety of the client and others while respecting legal and ethical guidelines.
120
Common themes in adult development theories by Levinson, Gould, Perry, and Jung.
All theorize that adulthood is a stage of ongoing development, where individuals continue to evolve in their perceptions and attitudes, influenced by new experiences and insights.
121
Effects of increasing sample size on Type I and Type II errors in research.
Increasing sample size reduces Type II errors (false negatives) by improving statistical power, without significantly affecting Type I errors (false positives), which are controlled by the significance level set for the study.
122
Strategies to reduce Type II errors in research.
Increasing the sample size is the primary method, enhancing the statistical power of a study and reducing the likelihood of missing a true effect.
123
What is an experiential intervention technique and provide an example.
Experiential techniques involve engaging clients in activities that facilitate learning new ways of thinking or behaving. An example is role-playing, where clients act out scenarios to practice new skills.
124
What is the primary focus of transactional analysis?
Transactional analysis focuses on the processes of communication. It examines interactions between individuals to identify active ego states (Parent, Adult, Child) and improve communication and understanding within these transactions.
125
Which two theorists argue that humans have an inherent instinct to engage in conflict?
Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz both suggest that humans possess an inherent instinct to engage in conflict, irrespective of cultural background.
126
Example of a microassault.
A microassault might include not inviting someone to a work meeting specifically because of their race. This act is an explicit and deliberate discriminatory action intended to hurt or exclude based on identity.
127
Action to take if a client refuses to inform their spouse about a highly contagious disease.
Ethically, a counselor may need to break confidentiality to inform at-risk parties if a client has a highly contagious and potentially deadly disease. This step prioritizes public safety and the health of others potentially at risk.
128
What is the primary characteristic of fidelity in counseling?
Fidelity involves loyalty, commitment, and faithfulness to the client while adhering to ethical principles. It ensures that counselors act in the best interests of their clients and maintain professional integrity.
129
What type of career assessment measures performance in specific tasks to evaluate potential success?
Work sample tests assess an individual’s performance in job-specific tasks to evaluate potential success in a particular career, focusing on practical skills and abilities.
130
Importance of considering effect size in research interpretation.
Effect size indicates the magnitude of the impact of the research findings, helping to understand the practical significance of the results beyond just statistical significance.
131
Appropriate action when feeling angry at a client’s derogatory comment.
Seek consultation to process personal reactions and ensure they do not impact therapeutic effectiveness. This helps maintain professionalism and therapeutic boundaries.
132
Culturally competent approach to working with a professional couple from India.
Engage in self-education about Indian culture and ask open-ended questions to understand the couple’s specific cultural values and experiences, ensuring respectful and informed care.
133
Legal requirements when diagnosing a client in therapy.
Accurately document and bill based on the current, most accurate diagnosis and update it as necessary to reflect any new assessments or changes in the client’s condition.
134
Ethical and legal actions when a client reports unwanted sexual advances by a caregiver.
Report to Adult Protective Services if a client, especially a vulnerable adult, reports abuse or inappropriate behavior by a caregiver. This fulfills mandatory reporting requirements and protects the client’s welfare.
135
Purpose and content of a case note in counseling.
Case notes document the overall case history and treatment plan, providing a comprehensive record of the client’s therapeutic journey, goals, and progress.
136
Counselors’ ethical responsibilities related to social and political advocacy.
Counselors should advocate for social policies that promote social justice and improve community well-being, using their professional skills to influence policies and practices that impact clients and society.
137
Comparison between sociograms and scattergrams in research.
A sociogram visually represents social relationships within a group, similar to how a scattergram shows the relationship between two variables, demonstrating patterns and correlations.
138
What does a correlation coefficient reveal about two variables?
It shows the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, indicating how changes in one variable are associated with changes in another.
139
Key principle of solution-focused counseling.
This approach emphasizes identifying and utilizing client strengths and resources to address current problems, focusing on solutions rather than problems.
140
Primary goal of reality therapy according to William Glasser.
To help clients identify and fulfill their present and future needs and wants, focusing on responsibility and what they can do to improve their lives rather than dwelling on the past.
141
True statement about reinforcing behaviors according to the Premack principle.
A less preferred behavior can be reinforced by allowing access to a more preferred behavior afterward, using desirable activities as rewards for completing less desirable ones.
142
Contributions of Rudolph Dreikurs to psychology.
Dreikurs adapted Adlerian psychology for practical applications, particularly in group therapy and education, emphasizing social interest and community feeling in treatment.
143
How might a middle-class African American male client experience difficulty with self-disclosure with a counselor?
He may experience difficulty when interacting with an upper-class white male counselor due to perceived cultural, social, and power dynamics, which can hinder rapport and open communication.
144
What is economic justice in the context of counseling?
Economic justice involves promoting fairness and equity in economic systems, addressing systemic inequalities to ensure equal access to resources and opportunities for all individuals.
145
What does the concept of “parallel process” refer to in psychotherapy supervision?
It refers to the phenomenon where dynamics in the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client are mirrored or paralleled in the supervisory relationship between therapist and supervisor.
146
Historical context of the group IQ test movement.
The group IQ test movement started during World War I with the development of the Army Alpha and Beta tests, marking the beginning of large-scale standardized testing.
147
Difference between descriptive and inferential statistics in research.
Descriptive statistics summarize data from a sample, providing measures like mean and standard deviation, while inferential statistics use sample data to make generalizations or predictions about a larger population.
148
How is internal consistency reliability established in therapeutic assessments?
It can be established through methods like calculating Cronbach’s alpha, performing split-half reliability tests, or assessing the inter-item correlation within the assessment.
149
Relationship between significance level, alpha, and the p-value in hypothesis testing.
Alpha sets the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis. If the p-value, which measures the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true, is less than alpha, the null hypothesis is rejected.
150
What is not one of the 11 principles of group therapy?
Phenomenology is not one of Yalom’s 11 principles of group therapy, which include universality, altruism, instillation of hope, and others focusing on therapeutic factors in group settings.
151
How are mental health services coded for insurance billing?
Mental health services are coded using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, which describe the specific services provided, necessary for insurance claims and billing.
152
What does the “F(p)” scale measure in the MMPI-2?
The “F(p)” scale measures the tendency of an individual to exaggerate symptoms, helping to identify possible malingering or over-reporting in psychological assessments.
153
What is counterbalancing in experimental research?
Counterbalancing is used to control for order effects by varying the order in which treatments are administered to participants, ensuring that results are not biased by the sequence of conditions.
154
Main premise of contextualism in psychological research.
Contextualism emphasizes understanding behaviors within their environmental and situational contexts, suggesting that behavior cannot be fully understood in isolation from its context.
155
Ethical intervention for a client conflicted between personal goals and familial expectations.
Counsel the client on developing personal identity and navigating family dynamics, acknowledging cultural factors while supporting the client’s autonomy and self-determination.
156
Difference between distributive and corrective justice in counseling.
Distributive justice involves fair distribution of resources, while corrective justice focuses on rectifying past wrongs and injustices, both aiming to enhance equity in counseling practices.
157
Risk of over-involvement through self-disclosure in counseling.
Over-involvement can shift focus away from the client’s needs, potentially harming the therapeutic relationship by blurring professional boundaries.
158
Example of structural violence affecting accessibility to basic needs.
Lack of access to affordable healthcare for low-income individuals, highlighting systemic barriers and inequities embedded within economic and political structures.
159
Counselor’s approach to a client’s request for continued support via text or email post-therapy.
By setting boundaries about communication outside of sessions, the counselor supports the client’s transition towards independence and self-reliance after therapy concludes.
