Group A detail (6-11) Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Microbiome:
A
Microbiome: micorooganisms in a particular environment
-20,000 human genes, there are 2-20 million microbial and viral genes -to maintain homeostasis, there is species specific microbials
2
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Importance of microbiome:
A
Provides energy
Regulates metabolic processes by modifying the concentrations of intermediers
Drives, and makes digestion more efficient
Can induce or reduce inflammation
Can cause or reduce oxidative stress
Can be genotoxic powerful in damaging genetic information and gene expression or
carcinogenic
Can be involved in the development of: autism, allergy, autoimmune diseases, colon cancer,
hepatic encephalopathy, IBS, diabetes, obesity, depression
3
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Bacteria
A
One of the first, simplest, unicellular life forms on earth 3.5 billion years ago
Free-living, symbionts, or pathogenic
Most adaptable creatures
Can change plasmids (operons)
Can modify their metabolism
genome based on the nutrients available
Make up more than half of the global biomass
4
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Bacterial cellular respiration/generation of energy:
A
Requires electron donor, electron acceptor, cell membrane, hydrogen, and water
Periplasm intermembrane space between 2 cell membranes
Enzymes in the inner membrane pump hydrogens from cytoplasm to the periplasm
Transmembrane gradient of H+ is formed, equalization occurs producing energy than can be
transformed into chemical bonds
5
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):The role of archae in the biosphere:
A
One of first life forms on earch
High level of horizontal gene transfer
In plankton communities, swamps, deep water sediments, ruminant guts extremofils
Free living, or symbiotic, no parasites
Enzymes, genomes and metabolic pathways more complex than bacteria
Use H2 and CO2 as electron donors
Decompose cellulose in intestines of mammals
6
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):The role of protozoans in the biosphere:
A
Promote and stabilize the species richness and functional diversity of microbiota of the gut
Unicellular eukaryotes, free living, symbionts or pathogenic
Heterotrophic
7
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):the role of fungal lifestyle in nature:
A
Uni or multicellular eukaryotes - thalli
Thallus forming produce hyphae can structure and rearrange their body according to the
environment
do not have tissues mass of branching hyphae
heterotrophic consume living, or dead organic materials
symbionts (2/3), parasitic or free-living
most have aerobic respiration, others are facultative or obligate anaerobic (in intestines)
secrete extracellular digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb dissolved
molecules via the surface of their body
can decay large biopolymers with a complex chemical structure
break down rocks to make minerals water soluble and possible to uptake
8
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals):interactions of plants and fungi:
A
mycorrhiza soil-inhabiting fungi colonize plant roots, supporting metabolism by higher
surface area for nutrient uptake, nutrients metabolized from biopolymers, by protection
against parasites and with fungal hormones
endophytic complete their life cycle among cells of living plant tissues providing fungal
metabolites and extra chemical characteristics to plants, provide stronger resistance against
drought stress and parasites
yeasts unicellular, free-living, obligate anaerobes
9
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): Main goals of primary metabolism:
A
biosynthesis of simple chemical compounds universal among eukaryotes: essential amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, fatty acids
generation of energy
maintanence of cellular respiration
continuous production of starting compounds for the pathways of primary and secondary
metabolism
breakdown and preparation for excretion of unnecessary compounds
10
Q
- The most important pathways of primary metabolism: the role of plants, fungi and bacteria in the biosphere (their relationships with animals): citric acid cycle:
A
consumes acetyl-CoA carb, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism are interconnected via acetyl-CoA
CO2 is released via physiological respiration
Intermediers are the starting compounds of anabolic processes
Carried out in the matric of mitochondria
Maintenance of homeostasis
11
Q
- Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: Photosynthesis
A
- Light energy is being converted into chemical energywhich is stored in bonds of sugar (sucrose)
- Happens in plants, and some algae (chloroplast) basic element of plant metabolism
- Calvin- Benson- Cycle
- Plants need light energy (sun), water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar (O2=waste
product)
12
Q
- Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: Happens in the chlorophyll in chloroplast (green pigment) in the leaves
A
No chloroplast in the upper and lower epidermis, vascular bundles (veins), mesophyll and stomates
o Stomates = allows CO2 and O2 exchange (holes in lower epidermis)
o Vascular bundles (veins): essential for the leaf transportation system (bring water and nutrients to the place it is needed)
o Mesophyll: photosynthesis site (chloroplast located)
13
Q
- Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism:Chloroplast components:
A
o Inner and outer membranes,
thylakoids stacked in grana,
stroma, intermembrane space
o Thylakoid ́s membrane: chlorophyll built into (absorbs blue and red lightgreen).
ENERGY ABSORBED BY BLUE AND RED LIGHT LEADS TOPHOTOSYNTHESIS
14
Q
- Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: Phototsynthesis
A
Light reaction also produce ATP and NADPH: immediate energy storage
- Dark reaction: CO2 fixation and reductiontriose-phosphatesucrose
- C3 photosynthesisrice. Sucrose stored either in vacuoles or transported.
- C4 photosynthesismaize (double CO2 fixation cycle a more efficient system)
- CAM photosynthesis Pineapple
15
Q
- Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism:Respiration
A
- Respiration is the counter metabolic activity from photosynthesis
- Necessary for survival for plants and other
living beings - The energy which is stored is being released - Metabolic work can be done
- The whole process is controlled by enzymes - conducted in all living cells - releases water and carbon dioxide
- Plants: gases diffuse passively through the epidermal cells or through the stroma
16
Q
- Photosythesis and respiration and their role in plant metabolism: The relationship between the photosynthesis and respiration:
A
- The products of one process are the reactants of the other process.
- Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2
- Photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 +
+ 6 H2O + 6 O2
17
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Primary metabolites:
A
- synthesized directly from inorganic compounds (simple sugars, amino acids
- General plant metabolites: fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates (essential compounds for life
processes and growth)
18
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Secondary metabolites:
A
- Derivided from primary metabolites
- Non-general compounds with small proportions in cells (volatile oils, alkaloids)
- Major role: interspecific interactions, specific defense compounds (deter herbiovers)
- Produced by specific cells and stored in the vacuoles and intercellular cavities
- Not essential for life processes
- Not part of primary metabolism and energy flow in the plant
- Occurrence is taxon-specific
19
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Role of secondary metabolism in plants:
A
- Regulation of growth: plant hormones (gibberellic acid)
- Allopathic compounds: regulate the growth of other species (growth-stunning effect)
- Pollinator attractants: to support fertilization or to catch insect (carnivorous plants)
- Insecticides: pyrethroids against lice and fleas
- Insect repellents: Thymol against snails, linalool against moths
- Defense mechanism against herbivores: solanine (solanum spp.)
- Antimicrobial and antifungal effect: inhabitation of growth and reproduction
20
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Main groups of secondary metabolites:
A
Saccharides Phenolides Polyketides Terpenoids Azotids
21
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Carbohydrates
A
- Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
- Sweet taste and water soluble
- Important nutrient
22
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Disaccharides
A
- Two joined monosaccharides
- Dietry energy source
- Sucrose (non reducing), lactose and maltose (reducing)
23
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Oligosaccharides:
A
- Consists of different monossacharide units
- Storage and transport carbohydrates
- Components of fibers
- May be non-digestible (mainly in fabaceae) ->cause bloating
24
Q
- The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Polysaccharides:
A
- Homopolysaccharides: starch, cellulose, inulin
- Heteropolysaccharides: mucilage, gums, pectins
(structural and storage polysaccharides)
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8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Carbohydrates with antinutritive effects Non starch polysaccharides (NSP)
- Major structural elements in the cell wall= cellulose, hemicellulose pectin mainly in forage legumes
- If the proportion of NSP is highdecreased energy value and digestibility of the forage decreased production
- In cereals and pulse cropsin the cells of the endosperm
- Beta-glucans and arabinoxylans (oat, barley) has high water absorption capacityincreased
viscositysticky face syndrome
26
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Non-digestible oligosaccharides
- Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose are non-digestible oligosaccharides
- Pass unchaged to the colonintestinal bacteria ferment them to gasesbloating effect
- Mainly in fabaceoues plants
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8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Phenolids
Consists of one or more aromatic rings and with an OH (hydroxyl) group.
- Phenoloids mainly biosynthezises from shikimic acid or cinnamic acid
- Phenolic compounds are general in many plant taxa
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8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Lignoids
o Phenylpropane units
o Lignins: polymer molecules of the secondary cell wall
o Lignans: dimer molecules, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and estrogen like effect.
29
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Coumarines
o Phenylpropane units
o Occurs only in members of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rutaceae
o Anticoagulant effect
o Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover)
o Furanocoumarine: photosensitization
30
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Phenolic glycosides
o Widley distributed in the nature
o The aglycone part is a phenolic compound with alcoholic or aldehyde groups
o May act as flavours, but may also have medical effects (aspirin)
31
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds:Cinnamic acid derivates:Quinones
o Natural occurrence in Rosaceae and Ericaceae
o Naphthoquinones, hydroquinones
o Staining compounds
o Can derived from shikimic acid also
32
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Flavonoids
o Subdivided into groups due to the position of phenyl ringisoflavones,
neoflavones, true flavonoids
o Due to degree of unsaturation and oxidation, true flavonoids can be divided into
several group
33
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Biological effects of (iso)flavonoids:
o Activation of cytochrome-P450 enzymes
o Antioxidant effect neutralizes free radicalsdecreasing toxic effects and oxidative
stress, which may lead to unwanted biological reactions.
o Immonstimulant effect the exact mechanism is still unknown o Anti-inflammatory agents
o Can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases
o Isoflavonoids are phytoestrogens with insecticide activity
34
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Tannins
o Tannin containg plants: Quercus spp.
o Dicot families are rich in tannins: Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae
o Hydrolyzable tannins: a glucose with phenolic groups (gallic acid)
o Condensed tannins: oligomers or polymers of flavonoid units (catechin) o (Poly)phenolic molecule
35
8. The role of secondary metabolites; major carbohydrate and phenoloid compounds: Shikimic acid derivates (quinone is also):Biological effects of tannins:
o Precipitate proteins > water insoluble complexes
o Antinutritive and poisonous effects:
Tannins depresses feed intake (plant defense against herbiovers)
Tannins interfere with protein and carbohydrate absorption and digestive enzymes
o Treatment of diarrhea
o Decreased urinary excretion, necrosis of liver and renal tubules
36
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Main groups of secondary metabolites:
- Saccharides
- Phenolids
- Polyketids
- Terpenoids
- Alkaloids
37
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Polyketides
- Synthesized from fatty acid metabolism
- Polyketide chains are highly unstable
Ring closing reactions
Aromatic rings
- Specific polyketides:
Phloroglucinol derivates varous effects
Anthraquinones laxative
Napthodianthrones (hypericin) photosenzitation
38
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Polynnes
- Fatty acid metbalosmsaturated and unsaturated fatty acidspolyynes
- In fungi an plants (Apiaceae)
- Herbal toxins affects the CNS
39
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Terpenoids
- synthesized from fatty acid metabolism
- bitter substance
o Monoterpenoid derivates
o Sesquiterpenes
o Diterpens
- Building stones: isporenes (C5)
40
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Monoterpenes, C10:
o volatile compounds in oil
o monoterpenes often produce odour
o widespread in plants
o acyclic, monocylic and bicylic molecules + derivates
o Build up by 2 units of isporenes which are added together
41
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Effects and function of monoterpenes (C10)
o Insect repellent effect (menthol, myrcene, camphor) o Pollinator attractants
o Antimicrobial, antifungal effect
o Toxic effects (pinene)
42
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Non-volatile monoterpene derivates
o Iridoids: protective chemicals (microbes, fungi, herbivores in a glycosidic form). The
flavor of iridoids is distinctly bitter.
Has medical effects: sedative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial
o Pyrethrines: insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous system -> used against parasites
43
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Sesquiterpenes (C15)
o Naturally occurrence in Asteraceae (dandelion)
o Acylic or cyclic compounds
o Can be present in volatile oils (a distilled oil, distinguished from glyceride oils by their
volatility and failure to saponify. Really not an oil but a hydrophobic liquid), but less
volatile than monoterpenes
o Appetizing effect (dandelion)
44
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Diterpenes (C20)
o More than 2000 different molecules
o Apolar or semi polar non-volatile compounds
o Plant hormone: regulate growth and development gibberellic acid
o Poisonous derivates with nitrogen heterocyclesPSEUDO ALKALOIDS (aconitine,
taxines)
o Irrative effect, tumor promoters (phrobol)
o Medicinal effects: anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardioactive effects
45
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Triterpenes (C30)
```
o Triterpeneoid saponins
o Phytosterols
o Cardiac glycosides
o Steroidal glycoalkaloids
o Steroidal saponins
o By definition triterpenes are hydrocarbons and possess no heteroatoms.
Functionalized triterepens should be called triterpenoids
o Cholesterol is the most important
triterpenoid.
```
46
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Triterpenoid saponins
o Poisonous/antinutritive effect
o Medical effect: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory
o Self-defense mechanism
o Ginsenoides: steroid glyvosides and triterpene saponins.
o Adaptogen (stabilization of physiological processes, radioprotective (reduces effect
of radiation), anti-tumor and anti-viral activity
47
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Phytosterols
o Generally four ringed molecules
o Lowers the amount of cholesterol
o Has a poisonous effect (cucurbitacins) and can be found in cucurbita pepo (marrow
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9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Steroidal saponins
o The glycon parts are mostly oligosaccharides, the aglycon part are spirostanol or furostanol
o Cytotoxic and antifungal activity
o Diosgenin precursor of synthetic steroidal and anticancer drugs
49
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids:Cardiac glycosides
o Aglycons bounds with specific sugar moietisglycosidic form with saponin effect o Inhibits the membrane bound Na+/K+ - pumpirregular or slow heart beat.
o Reduces the Na exchangeincreased intracellular Na concentration
o Inhibits the Na+/Ca 2+ - pumpincreased intracellular Ca 2+ concentration
o Example of plants, hellebours purpurascens (purple hellebore) and Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove)
50
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Steroidal glycoalkaloids
o Biosynthesized from cholesterol with a nitrogen heterocyclespseudo alkaloids
o Bitter flavor
o Natural occurences in members of Liliaceae and Solanaceae
o Toxic effect:
Solanum alkaloids: Inhibition of AchNa+ channels stays open, cant build up a new action potentialno muscle contractionsparalysis.
Saponin effect: disrupts the cell membranes
51
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Tetraterpenes (C40)
o Carotenoid plant pigments UV protection
| o Carrot, tomato, calendula officinalis (pot marigold)
52
9. The major groups of polyketides and terpenoids: Polyterpenes (C40)
o Natural rubber in the latex of rubber tree
| o Acyclic polymers containing a large number of isoprene subunits.
53
10. The major groups of azotoids: Major groups of Azotids:
- Alkaloids
- Glucosinolates
- Cyanogenic compounds
- Simple specific aztoids
- Universal azotids
54
10. The major groups of azotoids: Universal azotids: Amino acids and derivates
o Universal amino acid derivates chlorophyll
o Proteins (polypeptides and glycoproteinslectins
o Specific amino acids
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10. The major groups of azotoids: Universal azotids: Lectins
o Specific glycoproteins (protein + oligosaccharide chain)
o Ricine (castor bean) and abrin toxalbuminis a disulfide bond connects two
polypeptide chains
o Viscumine in mistletoe
o Lectins bounds with the cell membrane
56
10. The major groups of azotoids: Universal azotids:Nucleic acid and derivates
o Universal purine and pyrimidine nucleotides (sugar + base + phosphate) (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, TTP) and derivates (NAD, FAD, CoA)
o Nucleic acids
o Purine alkaloids (derivates)
o Pyrimidine derivates
57
10. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Specific non-proteinogenic amino acids
o Never found in the protein structure but performs several biological functions
o Derived from the universal amino acids with N, S, and C, or stereoisomer molecules
o Fabaceae fam.
o E.g. lathyrogenes or canavanine (Robinia)
58
10. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Biogenic amines and amides
o Nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acid by decarboxylation
o Histamine local immune and inflammatory response
o Tryptamine, phenethylamine psychoactive and stimulant effect, increased heart
functions
59
10. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids:Protoalkaloids
o N atom derived from an amino acid
o Ephedrine: a bronchodilator with psychostimulant effect, act as adrenaline
o Cathinone: amphetamine-like effect (psychostimulant) Catha edulis (khat)
60
10. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Purine alkaloids (derivates)
o Synthesized from purine nucleotides
| o Stimulates the CNS
61
10. The major groups of azotoids: Simple specific azotids: Pyrimidine derivates
o Synthesized from pyrimidine nucleotides
| o During degradation oxidizing agents are being produced like hydrogenperoksid
62
10. The major groups of azotoids: Cyanogenic compounds:
- Biosynthesized from aliphatic or aromatic acids
- Widely distributed in the plant kingdom
- Defense mechanism against herbivores and pests
- Upon plant injury, specific enzymes removes the sugar part and HCN is produced.
o Prunasin and dhurrin is an example.
63
10. The major groups of azotoids: Glucosinolates
- Biosynthesized from amino acidsglucose bounds with S-glycosidic bond with another sulfate group.
- Occurs mainly in Brassicaceae, (brassica napus oilseed rape)
- Goitrogen effect
64
10. The major groups of azotoids: Alkaloids
- Specific, mainly alkaline plant metabolites with a nitrogen contet
- Alkaloids are products of the metabolism of nitrogen
- Alkaloids are stored in the vacuoles
- Even a small dose can lead to a strong biological effect
- Families with characteristic alkaloids: Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae,
Apocyanaceae, Liliaceae
- Plants are able to decompose the stored alkaloids and re-use them.
65
10. The major groups of azotoids: Alkaloid units:
- Tropane alkaloids (amino acid it comes from: Ornithine)
- Pyrrolizidine (ornithine)
- Pyrrolidin (ornithine)
- Quinolizidine (lysine)
- Piperidine (lysine)
- Pyridine (nicotinic acid)
- Isoquinoline (tyrosine)
- Benzylisoquinoline (tyrosine)
- Pheniethylissoquinoline (tyrosine)
- Quinoline (tryptophan)
- Indole (tryptophan)
66
10. The major groups of azotoids:Major effects:
- Stimulate the CNS caffeine
- Paralyse the CNS scopolamine (pyrrolizidine)
- Stimulate the PNS efedrin
- Paralyse the PNS hyosciamine (tropane)
- Vasoconstrictor effect Ergot body
- Vasodilator effect theophylline
- Increase blood pressure vincamine (indole)
67
10. The major groups of azotoids:Tropane alkaloids:
o Solanaceae
o Major alkaloids are S and R hyoscyamine (one of its enantiomers is atropine)
o Inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (competitive antagonist of Ach
anticholinergic effets
68
10. The major groups of azotoids:Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA)
o Hepatotoxic effect (pyrrole derivates can form irreversible DNA adducts) which leads
to secondary photosenzitation
o Accumulation in organs
o Senecio jacobea European ragwort
69
10. The major groups of azotoids:Quinolizidine alkaloids
o Fabaceae
o Teratogenic, antibacterial, antifungal activity
o Major alkaloids: lupinine, cytisine, anagyrin, lupanine
o No accumulation in organs
o Binds mainly to nicotinic receptors as Ach agonists (an agonist is a chemical that
binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response, whereas an antiagonist blocks the action)
70
10. The major groups of azotoids:Piperdine alkaloids (derived from lysine):
o Piperidine alkaloids an amide of piperidine: CNS
| depressant and anticonvulsant effect
71
10. The major groups of azotoids:Piperidine alkaloids (not derived from lysine)
o Piperidine alkaloids not derived from lysine
pseudoalkaloids
o Can be absorbed through the skin, mucous membranes
and it can cross the placenta
o Conium alkaloids
o In the PNS coniine blocks the nicotine receptros on the
post-synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions
blocks movments
72
10. The major groups of azotoids:Pyridine alkaloids
o Synthesized from nicotinic acid
o Natural insecticides synthesis increase after insect attack
o Major alkaloids: nicotine
o Respiratory stimulant, but large dose may cause respiratory depression o Nicotine acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
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10. The major groups of azotoids:Isoquinoline alkaloids
o Two or six membered aromatic rings with nitrogen
| o Various effects: antispasmodic, but also cytotoxic effectanti-tumor drug
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10. The major groups of azotoids: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids
o Synthesized from two units of tyrosine
o Important as medicines but large does can be highly toxic
o Papeverin: basic benzylisoquinoline
o Morphinan derivates opiatescodeine and noscapine: antitussive effect (cough
suppressive) Morphine painkillers o Carcinogenic effects
o Mutations
o Forms aristolactam DNA adducts
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10. The major groups of azotoids: Phenylethylisoquinoline alkaloids
```
o Colchicine (a protoalkaloid nitrogen is in the side chain): binds with tubulin dimers
inhibition of microtubule formationinhibition of cell division o Meadow saffron
```
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10. The major groups of azotoids:Quinoline alkaloids
o Nitrogen is in another position than in isoquinoline alkaloids o The most important antimalarial drug
o Quinine
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10. The major groups of azotoids: Indole alkaloids
o Vasodilator effect: increased blood and oxygen supply to the brain (vincamine)
o Cytotoxic drug anticancer drug
o Used to stop postnatal bleedings or in treatment of Parkinson ́s disease.
o Ergot alkaloids: used in treatment of parkinsons. Also found in ergot body
78
10. The major groups of azotoids: Pseudoalkaloids
o Not derived from the nitrogen pathwaythe nitrogen incorporates in a different
way than from regular azotids.
o Terpenoid alkaloids:
Mono and sesquiterpenoid alkaloids rare Diterpenoid alkaloids
Steroid (triterpene) alkaloids
o Diterpenoid alkaloids
Affects ion channelsCNS and cardiac effects (taxus baccata,
rhododendron, aconitum vulparia)
o Steroidal alkaloids
Open Na+ channels permanentlyparalyzing effect Solanum spp.
79
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways): Antinutritional factors (ANFs):
- Antinutritional factors are substances that when present in animal feed reduce the availability of one or more nutrients
- No major role in primary metabolism
- Mainly secondary metabolites
- Taxonspecific compounds
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11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways): Effects on animals of ANF
- Decreases the voluntary feed intake
- Reduces the digestibility
- Changes the metabolism
- Poisonous effectsdecreased production (or quality)
81
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Carbohydrates with antinutritive effects Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)
- Major structural element in the cell wall is cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
- Cellulose has a low digestibility
- Beta-glucans and arbinoxylans has high water absorption capacitysticky faces syndrome
- High proportion of NSP leads to decreased energy value and digestibility of the forage
decreased production
82
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Non-digestible oligosaccharides:
- Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose are non-digestible oligosaccharides
- Passes unchanged to the colon- leads to gasesfrothy bloat
- Mainly in fabaceae plants
- Prevention: application of beta-galactosidase enzymes
83
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Phytic acid and phytates:
- Phytic acid is a primary product of carbohydrate metabolism
- Phytate can form complexes with a variety of minerals
- Natural occurrence in corals, pulse crops and oil plants
- Ruminants are tolerant as phytase enzymes is produced by rumen microorganisms
- Prevention: application of phytase supplementation
84
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Phenoloids with antinutritive effects Tannins:
- Hydolyzable tannins: a glucose with phenolic group (gallic acid)
- Condensed tannins: oligomers or polymers flavonoid units (catechin)
- Natural occurrence: field pea, field bean, sainfoin
- Major effects: depresses food intake, precipitate proteinswater insoluble compleses,
bounds with ironiron deficiency
85
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Isoflavanoids:
- Decreasing fertility abnormal estrous cycle, abortion and sterility
- Prevention: application of forage mixtures
- Natural occurrence: soyabean, lucern, clovers
86
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Polyketids with antinutirtive effect Erucic acid:
- Brassicaceae family
| Major effect: myocardial lesions
87
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Terpenoids with antinutritive effects Saponins:
- Fabaceae family
- Produces foam in the rumen
- Enters lipid layer of the cellmembrane
- Red blood cells are affectedhaemolytic effect
88
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Gossypol
- Absorbed from the GT and highly bound to amino acids, especially lysine.
- Affects the cardiac, hepatic, renal and reproductive system
89
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Azotoids with antinutritive effects Non proteinogenic amino acids:
- Natural occurrence in Lathyrus species: latyrogenes (ODAP, BAPN, DAB)
- BAPN can inhibit the collagen synthesisdamage of bones and connective tissues.
90
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Protease inhibitors:
- Natural occurrence in legume seeds (soyabean, beans) and cereals
- Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors->stable inactive complexes with the pancreatic enzyme -> decreased protein digestion
- Hypotrophy of pancreas
91
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways): Lectins
- Binding of lectins to epithelial cellsdisroders of nutrient absorptiongrowth depression
- Occurrence: field beam, pea, lupines
- Prevention: heat treatment
92
11. Antinutritional compounds in forages (regarding to the biosynthetic pathways):Glycosinolates
- Sulfuric compounds from cytesinestrong, hot flavor
- Brassicaceae
- Irritation of skin
- Disrupts the production of thyroid hormones
