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Botany > Group B detail (1-16) > Flashcards

Group B detail (1-16) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Cereals general info
A 
- Monocots in the poacea family
􏰹 Wheat, oat, rye, barley, maize
- Contains a large amount of well digestible nutrients
􏰹 Starch (high energy content)
􏰹 Fatty acid: low
􏰹 Protein: low
􏰹 Fibers: low
􏰹 Phosphorus: high
􏰹 Vitamine B (seed coat) and E (embryo)
􏰹 Trypsine inhibitors (low concentration)
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2
Q
  1. The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Utilization:
A
  • Fresh plants
  • Whole grains, mealm bran flour
  • Straw: food, bedding, fuel
  • Medicine
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3
Q
  1. The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: Antinutritives:
A
  • Gluten -> colic disease
  • Arabinoxylan -> sticky face (IBS)
  • Phytates, trypsin inhibitors -> decreased food conversion
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4
Q
  1. The importance of cereals in animal nutrition:Ergot body 􏰡 Claviceps purpurea
A
  • Inhibits rye
  • Induce smoot muscle contraction􏰢abortion
  • Contains ergot alkaloids
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5
Q
  1. The importance of cereals in animal nutrition: E. Ganrenousus
A

Blood vessels narrow􏰢limb falls off

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6
Q
  1. The importance of cereals in animal nutrition:E. Convulsivus
A
  • High level, one time poisoning

- Headache, itching, hallucination

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7
Q
  1. The importance of pulse in animal nutrition: Pulse crops
A
  • Fabaceae (soya bean, field bean, pea)
  • Used as forage meals -> because of large seeds -> nutrients in embryonic leave
  • Human food
  • Animal forage
  • Protein: high (rich in lysine)
  • Carbohydrates: low
  • Vitamine B1,B2, B3
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8
Q
  1. The importance of pulse in animal nutrition:Utilization
A
  • Seeds: protein source

- Green parts: fresh forage, silage

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9
Q
  1. The importance of pulse in animal nutrition: antinurtive effect
A
  • Decrease nutrient value of forage
  • Chemical inhibiton of metabolism process and food conversion
  • Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytic acid, saponons, tannins
  • Elimination methods: heating, plant breeding, using mixture of plant species
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10
Q
  1. The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: oil plant
A

Sunflower, oilseed rape, flax

- Drying oils: hardens after being exposed to air for some time

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11
Q
  1. The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: antinutritve compounds
A

Tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, phytic acid

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12
Q
  1. The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition: Nutritive value:
A
  • Source of omega 3 and 6
  • Oil
  • Protein
  • High content of phosphorus
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13
Q
  1. The importance of oil-producing plants in animal nutrition:Utilization
A

Food industry (cooking oil)

  • Industry (biofuels)
  • Medicine
  • Forage ʹ protein supply
  • Flax improves fur quality
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14
Q
  1. The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: General info
A

Forage legumes:
- Annual or perennial herbs from Fabaceae family􏰢used for their stems and leaves
􏰹 Lucern: hay, pellet, Lucerne meal essential amino acids
􏰹 Red clover: more protein than Lucerne, but less essential amino acids
􏰹 Crimson clover: silage, green manure, no bloating effect
􏰹 Sainfoin: perfect for calves, no bloating effect

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15
Q
  1. The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: Nutritive value
A
  • Rich in protein and fiber
  • Rich in minerals: Mg2+, Ca2+, P
  • High content of vitamin B and beta-carotine
  • Pasture for honey bees
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16
Q
  1. The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition: Utilization
A

Utilization:

  • Grazing plants
  • Hay
  • Ensilage
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17
Q
  1. The importance of forage legumes in animal nutrition:Antinutritive
A
  • Bloating: rapid ingestion by rumen microbes -> slime production ->frothy bloat
  • Saponins: can cause foam in rumen -> irritation of mucous membrane
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18
Q
  1. The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition: General info
A 
Large biomass
High water content
Low on proteins, fatty acids and fibers
Easily digestible compounds: starch and sugar 
Laxative effect
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19
Q
  1. The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition:Classification
A 
Forage plants with a:
􏰹 Modified taproot (increase milk production)
􏰹 Modified stem (storing nutrients)
􏰹 Fleshy leaves (high protein in leaves)
􏰹 Fleshy fruits
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20
Q
  1. The importance of fleshy forages in animal nutrition:Classification with nutritive value
A 
Modified taproot:
- Sugar beet: rich in saccharose
Modified stem:
- Potato: starch content, vitamin A, B, C and K, Antinutritive: solanin
Fleshy leaves:
- Forage kale: Vitamin C, protein ca 20%, may cause frothy bloat
Fleshy fruits:
- Marrow: high water content
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21
Q
  1. Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Glycosides
A

Glycosides = molecules with sugar + another functional group bound by a glycosidic bond
Not a single biosynthetic group
- A sugar is bound to another functional group via glycosidic bond -> glycoside
Cardiac glycosides can me subidivided into cardenolides (purple foxglove), bufadienolids
(purple hellebore) and steroidal sapogenins (white swallow wort)

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22
Q
  1. Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Mechanism of action for cyanogenic glycosides:
A
  • HCN enters the tissues via mucous membranes
  • Inhibits cytochrome C oxidase enzyme -> inhibits cellular respiration -> no ATP produced ->death
  • CN- binds to Fe 2+ ion and inactivates the active site.
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23
Q
  1. Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Species
A
  • Dwarf Russian almond: prunasin
  • Red sweet grass
  • Black elder
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24
Q
  1. Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides:
A
  • Inhibits Na+/K+ - pump (situated in the cell membrane)
  • Reduce Na exchange -> increased intrcellular Na concentration.
  • Na+/Ca2+- pump also inhibited􏰢increases intracellular Ca concentration.
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25
Q
  1. Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms
A

Cyanogenic: cherry mucose membrane, cherry colored blood, breath gets bitter almond smell, heavy breathing, spasms, stumbuling walk
Cardiogenic: Hallucination, vomiting, decreased heart rate, tachycardia, loss of color vision.

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26
Q
  1. Poisonings related to cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Species
A

Cardenlides: purple foxglove, spring pheasant ́s eye, lily of the vally
Bufadienloides: purple hellebore.

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27
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): True alkaloids
A
  • Originate from amino acids
  • Contains nitrogen in the heterocycle
  • Belongs to the group Azotids
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28
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids:
A 
- Two major tropane alkaloid groups: 
Solanaceous alkaloids
Coca alkaloids
- Occur in Solanaceae
- Major alkaloids is hyoscyamine (one of its enantiomers is atropine)
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29
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids: Mechanism of action:
A

ƒ Inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
ƒ Site of action: smooth and cardiac muscles, gland cells, in peripheral ganglia and CNS
ƒ Solanaceous alkaloids are anticholinergic, reducing the activity of parasympathetic nervous system an promoting sympathetic predominance

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30
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tropane alkaloids:Symptoms
A 
Dry mouth
ƒ Dilated pupils
ƒ Tachycardia
ƒ Spasm, seizuresƒRespiratory failure - 
Plants: 
ƒ Henbane
ƒ Jimson weed
ƒ Deadly nightshade
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31
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:
A

Occurs in the Papaveraceae family
Chemical origin: isoquinoline backbone from thyrosine amino acid Most imoprtan alkaloids: morphine, codeine, papaverine, rhoedine

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32
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:Mechanism of action:
A

Opioids bounds to an opiod receptor on a neurone
ƒ Blocks Ca 2+ ions from entering the cells
ƒ Opens K+ channels = K ion influx- > hyperpolarization inhibits an action
potential to be formed -> neurons become less likely to fire -> paralyzing effect.

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33
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Isoquinoline alkaloids:Symptoms
A

Pinpointed pupils
ƒ Limb paralysis
ƒ Slow and labored breath
ƒ Vomiting -
Plants:
ƒ Field poppy (papaver rhoas) - poisonous
ƒ Opium poppy (papaver somniferum) ʹ medicinal

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34
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids
A
  • Apiaceae family (carrot family)

- Biosynthesised from lysine acid (true alkaloid) or from acetate (pseudo alkaloid)

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35
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Mechanisme of action ʹ coniine:
A

Blocks the nicotine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions ->blocking movments

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36
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Symptoms
A

Uncontrolled urination
ƒ Hear rate slows down before it becomes rapid
ƒ Problems with moving (paralysis of limbs)ƒRemains conscious until
respiratory paralysis

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37
Q
  1. Poisonous plants with alkaloids promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Pipiridine alkaloids: Plant
A

Hemlock

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38
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:
Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: General info

A
  • In plants of Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae

- Major compounds: aconitine, taxus alkaloids

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39
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Mechanism of action ʹ aconitine

A

Makes the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels permanently open-> high Na+ levels in
muscel cells inhibits Na+/Ca2+ exchangers->muscle cells cannot repolarize->
paralysis
ƒ In neurons: aconitine depolarizes both membranes of presynaptic and post synaptic
cells by opening the Na-ion channels

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40
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Symptoms

A 
Tingling and numbness in the mouth
ƒ Motoric weakness
ƒ Heart and respiration slowly starts to fail
 ƒ Cardiac arrest
ƒ Sensation of burning
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41
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Plants with aconitine

A

Wolfbane

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42
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Diterpene pseudo alkaloids: Taxus alkaloids + Species

A

ƒ Inhibiton of Na and Ca channels ƒ
Similar to symptoms of digitalis
Secies: Yew (taxus baccata)

43
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: General info

A

Steroidal skeleton bound with heterocycle rings (pseudoalkaloids)
- Species of lilaceae and solanaceae

44
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds:Mechanism of action ʹ Solanum alkaloids

A

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase -> Ach accumulates ->Na ion channels stays open -> paralysis
ƒ Saponin effect: disrupts cell membranes

45
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: Plant for Mechanism of action ʹ Solanum alkaloids

A

Solanum nigrum (black nightshade)

46
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: Mechanism of action ʹ Veratrum alkaloids

A

Jervine inhibits smoothened (SMO) protein which controls embryonic development ->birth defects

47
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ steroidal compounds: Plant of Mechanism of action ʹ Veratrum alkaloids

A

White hellebore (veratrum album)

48
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Triterpenoid derivates ʹ non-steroidal compounds: Every thing (general, plant and symptoms)

A

Pentacyclic molecules

  • Glycosides forming saponin -> foam produced in the rumen.
  • Plants: Corncockle (Agrostemma githago)
49
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Thiaminase enzymes of plants: General

A

From nitrogen metabolism

50
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids:Thiaminase enzymes of plants:Mechanism of action:

A

Enzymes cleave the thiamine (vitamin B1) and makes it biologically inactive->
thiamine deficiency
ƒ Vitamin B1 is crucial in the carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism as it works as a
coenzyme in the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex that produces acetyl-CoA
from pyruvate
ƒ Low level of acetyl-CoA can lead to metabolic coma and death

51
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids: Thiaminase enzymes of plants:Symptoms

A

Weakness, decreased production, blue milk, enlarged heart, Ru: behavioral disorders due to cerebrocortical necrosis, ruminants are fairly resistant to thiamine deficiency, but younger animals may be affected.
some animals will also show neurological dysfunctions

52
Q

8.Poisonous plants with terpenoids or thiaminase enzymes promoting CNS symptoms (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Terpenoids: Thiaminase enzymes of plants: Plant

A

Field horsetail

53
Q

9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Most frequent symptoms:

A

Chemical irritation
ƒ Too acidic pH
ƒ Mechanical irritation, or damage caused by thorns or cyrstals ƒ Indigestible irritation ->phytobezoars

54
Q

9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants:Spurge poisoning:

A
  • Species: Cypress spurge (euphorbia cyparissias)
  • Phorbol esters (diterpenoid compounds) -> tumor promoters through the activation of
    protein kinase C
  • Symptoms: Inflammation of GT -> diarrhea, vomiting, cholic, mouth irritation, dermatitis,
55
Q

9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Ivy poisoning:

A

Species: ivy (hedra helix)
Hederin ʹ triterpenoid glycoside with saponin effectƒ Saponins ʹ mechanism of action:
- Amphipati glycosides possessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, leading to emulsifying effect:
- Produces foam in stomach/rumen
- If entering cell membranes ->disintegrated cell membranes
- Irritation of mucous membranes

56
Q

9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Oak poisoning

A

Species: oak species (Quercus spp.)
- Tannins (Shikimic and gallic acid derivate)
ƒ Precipitates proteins
ƒ Decreased urinary excretion, necrosis of liver and renal tubules
Symptoms: weakness, constipation, tarry diarrhea (unable to absorb water and nutrients), dehydration, tubular necrosis of kidneys
ƒ Dead after 4-7 days
ƒ May be used as medicine to stop diarrhea

57
Q

9.Poisoning of the liver and photosensitization (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms after ingestion of poisonous plants: Photosenzitation

A

Presence of photodynamic agents in the skinÆskin becomes more susceptible to the harmful effects of the UV-light
Primary:
ƒ Photosensitizers can induce photosensitization directly
ƒ Can be injected ingested, or absorbed through skin
Secondary (hepatogenous):
ƒ Most frequent type
ƒ Photoactivate phytoporphyrins (derivied from the microbial breakdown of
chlorophylls) are accumulated in blood plasma and tissues due to liver dysfunction caused by hepatotoxins.
- Symptoms:
ƒ Develops within 24 hours and are most dangerous the first few days
ƒ Animals are scratching and rubbing
ƒ Lesions appear in less pigmented, hairless spots (nose, udder)
ƒ Skin necrosis
ƒ Skin layer sheds off
- Plants
ƒ St. John ́s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
ƒ Ragwort (Senecio spp.)

58
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tansy
A

Asteracea (daisy family)

  • In high doses it was formely applied to induce abortions
  • Was not categorized as a medical plant after it was revealed a high content of thujone
59
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tansy: Mechanisme of Thujone
A

Monoterpenoids
ƒ In the CNS: thujones act as GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid) and binds to GABA receptors
ƒCan open Cl-ion channels in the neurons ->Cl ions enters the neurons ->Hyperpolarization of cell membrane ->reduced neuronal excitability
GABA: chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalians CNS

60
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Tansy: Thujone poisoning:
A

dermatitis and swallowing of the GT

an cause damage in liver and kidneys

61
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and Marsh-Marigold (Caltha paulstris)
A

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

- Contains ranunculin

62
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and Marsh-Marigold (Caltha paulstris): Mechanism of ranunculin
A

Inactive glycoside with no specific biological effects
Can reagt with exposed ʹ SH groups, like enzymes, DNA and RNA polymerases
Inhibits cell mitosis
Growth depression in microbes

63
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and Marsh-Marigold (Caltha paulstris):Ranunculin Poisoning
A 
Skin and mouth irritation
ƒ Gastric irritation (tarry diarrhea)
ƒ Seizures
ƒ Labored breathing and decreased heart rate ƒ 
ONLY fresh plants are poisonous
64
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with a high level of nitrate (NO3-) :effect on the body
A

Nitrate itself is not poisonous
ƒ Reduction to nitrite (NO2-) in the oral cavity or in the forage
- NO3 oxidizes iron (II) to iron(III) in hemoglobin -> methemoglobin (incapable of oxygen transport) ->methemoglobinemia
- Reduction of nitrite (NO2) to NO -> relaxation of SM cells -

65
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with a high level of nitrate (NO3-): Symptoms
A 
Blood containing methemoglobin is chocolate color
ƒ Headache, weakness, chest pain
ƒ Abnormal heart beat, seizures, coma
ƒ Death
ƒ Cyanosis: blue discoloration of skin
ƒ Pale/ grey skin
66
Q
  1. Plant with complex effects,and nitrate poisoning (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with a high level of nitrate (NO3-): Plant
A 
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
ƒ Root crops and plants with fleshy leaves
67
Q
  1. Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Plants with oxalic acid and oxalates
A

Araceae, Poacae, Amaranathaceae

68
Q
  1. Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Water soluble oxalic acid
A

Irritation of GT tract
ƒ Calcium oxalate -> yhpocalcaemia ->disorder in bone development ƒ
Form oxalate crystals with ions (insoluble precipitates)

69
Q
  1. Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Water insoluble oxalate crystals
A

Crystals can penetrate into the skin, mucous membranes ->inflammation, salvation, renal disorder -> oxalosis
Accumulates in blood, eyes, bones, muscles, heart, etc.

70
Q
  1. Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Symptoms
A

Decreased serum Ca 2+ levels -> tremors, tetany, collapse, death ƒ
Damage of kidney tubules, renal fibrosis
ƒ Increased blood clotting time

71
Q
  1. Poisonous plants affecting the digestive tract and producing oxalate crystals (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): PLANTS
A

Sheep ́s sorrel

ƒ Fleshy forage plants with enlarged taproots or fleshy leaves

72
Q

12.Poisonous plants affecting more organ systems simultaneously and affecting the clotting of blood (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Yellow sweet clover (melilotus officinalis): Mechanism of action ʹ melilotoside glycoside

A

Plant injury -> release of cinnamic acid ->coumarin formation
ƒ Molds metabolises coumarin into dicoumarol
ƒ Coumarin inhibits vitamin K-exopide reductase -> vitamin k remain in oxidized state
(no biological effect)-> coumarin derivates = angitcoagulants

73
Q

12.Poisonous plants affecting more organ systems simultaneously and affecting the clotting of blood (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Yellow sweet clover (melilotus officinalis): Symptoms

A

Liver damage

ƒ Stiffness and lameness (due to bleeding in the joints) ƒ Hematomas or GT bleeding

74
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): European birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis): Mechanism of action ʹ aristolochic acid
A

A protoalkaloid derived from thyrosine amino acid

Aristolcohic acids binds to amino groups of purines -> formation of DNA adducts (E.g. A-T becomes T:A)

75
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
    - Mechanism of action ʹ thiminase
A

Cleave of B1 vitamin -> acetyl CoA not produced -> low metabolism which can lead to death

76
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum): Mechanism of action ʹ Prunasin
A

Cyanogenic glycoside -> inhibits cytochrome C oxidase enzyme -> inhibits cellular
respiration -> no ATP produced -> death
ƒ Toxin level higher in younger plants

77
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum): Mechanism of action ʹ Ptaquiloside
A

A carcinogenic norsesquiterpene with a clucose -> hydrolysis and losses the glucose -> ptaquilosin
ƒ Ptaquilosin decomposes into pterosin B or DNA adductor

78
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum): Symptoms
A

Ru: Blood clotting and disorder in red blood cell production, bone marrow is also
damage
ƒ Other: CNS effect

79
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) - Mechanism of action ʹ colchicum:
    ƒ
A

Colchicine binds to tubulin-> inhibits microtubule formation

ƒ Colchine causes obstruction of cell division

80
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) -Symptoms
A 
Irritation of GT
ƒ Burning sensation in the mouth
ƒ Diarrhea
ƒ Liver and kidney failure
ƒ Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ƒ Paralysis
81
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms): Lesser periwinkle (Vinca Minor)
A

Toxic agents: indole alkaloids

82
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Black locust (Robinia Pseudo-acacia)
    - Mechanism of action ʹ canavanine
A

Non-proteinogenic amino acid

ƒ Arin replaced with canavanine in nzymes -> loss of biological function

83
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Black locust (Robinia Pseudo-acacia): Mechanism of action ʹ Robin and fazin toxalbumins
A

Bonds with the cell membrane-> robin and fazin enters the cell
ƒ Toxic protein is carrying a lectin
ƒ Toxalbumin: inhibits protein synthesis -> multiply organs system failure ƒ Lectins: agglutinate red blood cells -> hemolysis

84
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Black locust (Robinia Pseudo-acacia): Symptoms
A

Vomiting, diarrhea
ƒ Weakness, depression, anorexia
ƒ Yellowish pigmentation

85
Q
  1. Carcinogenic and cytotoxic plants (mechanism of action, effects, symptoms):Indian pokeweed (phytolacca acinosa)
A

Garden plant
- Major symptoms: irritation of GT, tumors, birth defects
- Toxic agents: triterpenoid saponins (disintegrated cell membranes, lectins, non-water
soluble crystals)

86
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations)
    Phytotherapy
A

Phytotherapy = science-based medicinal use of plants and plant extracts for therapeutic purposes

87
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Applied areas
A

No synthetic medicines are available

  • Alternative treatment
  • To support the effect of synthetic medicine
88
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Benefits
A

Generally mild side effects

- Cheap treatment

89
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Limitation
A

Cannot be applied if immediate medical intervention is needed
- The lack of knowledge about the exact mechanism of action and effects of natural
compounds and mixture
- Side effects may lead to poisoning
- Misidentification
- The proportion of active constituents in medicinal plants is usually not known

90
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations): Phytotherapy in veterinary science
A

Animals have a different metabolism than humans and may not work on the same way

91
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations):Types of medicinal agents:
A

Active constituent: chemical component that gives the plant a biologically active effect
- Helper compound: no specific physiological effects, but increases the effect of the active
constituent
- Biomarker compound(s): proves the presence, or helps measuring the concentration of the
active constituent(s) -

92
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations):The drug
A

Can come directly from the plant organs

ƒ Can be an herbal product produced or extracted from organs

93
Q
  1. The importance of medicinal plants in veterinary medicine (benefits, fields of application, limitations):Classification of herbal drugs:
A

Strength of their effects on the body (mite= mild, forte= strong)

  • Number of active constituents
  • Biological function of the active constituents
  • Chemical structure, solubility and/or reactivity of the active constituents
  • Biosynthetic pathway
94
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Veterinarian aspect:

A

Each animal seeks forage most suitable for them ƒ Torn-off, bitten-off, rooted up:

95
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Veterinarian aspect: Horse, Cattle, sheep, pig and fowl

A

Horse
ƒ Bite-off grazer
ƒ Extremely selective (grasses)

Cattle:
Tear-off grazer
Fleshy, delicate, soft leaves of grasses

sheep:
Bite-off grazer
Grasslands on poor, sandy soils

Pig:
root-eaters

fowl:
Pick all the green parts of the plant

96
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Advantageous both for animals and the environment:

A

Animals: moves freely, eats various, gets to have a social life
- Environment: promotes and maintain biodiversity, but the presence of grazers may provide
habitats for GI worms and other parasites

97
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Grazing methods:

A

Free grazing (the best for animals)

  • Controlled grazing (forbidden in EU)
  • Rotational grazing (systematically moved to fresh and rested pastures)
  • Strip gazing (a kind of rotational grazing with more strict rules)
98
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Grazing diseases:

A

Worm infections (tapeworms)

  • Protozoa infection (coccidiosis)
  • Insect bites: flies, clegs, wasps, ticks
  • Prevention: chemical parasite control
99
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Nutrient deficiency

A

Grass tetany (poor sources of magnesium and calcium ions Æ hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia)

  • Sodium deficiency (chronic diarrhea, reduced milk production, weakness) ʹ can easily be prevented with salt licks
  • Osteomalacia (low levels of phosphorus and calcium ions Æ deformation of bones, lumbering walk, paralysis etc.)
100
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects:General signs to look for:

A

Several animals shows similar symptoms

  • Pieces of poisonous plants are spat out
  • Fainted or depressed animals with normal or low body temperature
  • Sticky faces, frothy bloat, not normal urine
101
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Pasture abuses: overgrazing and underutilization

A

Overgrazing: increased proportions of wees, soil erosion, leaching and acidification
- Underutilization: increasing proportions of reed, shrubs, and saplings of trees du to lack of
mowing

102
Q

15.The importance of grazing and hay in animal nutrition respectively the veterinarian aspects: Mowing, hay, haylage:

A

Production of hay: Mowed at flowering stage and backed into bales
- Production of haylage: Drying of grass for 1⁄2 - 1 day, hay is shredded an ensilaged in covered balls

103
Q
  1. Botanical hay and rumen content analysis: What to consider?: type of forage eaten and symptoms
A

Type of forage eaten?
ƒ Caused by hay, need to find forage origin (species composition) ʹ nutritive evaluation
- Type of symptoms:
- Prohibitive condition:
ƒ Does the hay contain poisonous, thorny or woody plant taxa, dead animals etc.? ƒ
Is it stored incorrectly (dry and grey vs. moist and brown), feces contamination, is
there presence of mold or fungi?

104
Q
  1. Botanical hay and rumen content analysis:Precautions:
A

For the analysis you should were rubber gloves, use sterilized tools and keep the samples separated (labeled)
ƒ Potential risk for microbial infection ƒ 1-2 L sample is needed

Botany (17 decks)

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