group processes

Question 1

Tajfel et al. (1971)

Answer 1

Minimal group paradigm showed in-group favoritism with arbitrary groupings.

Question 2

Triplett (1898); Allport (1920)

Answer 2

Found that presence of others can enhance performance (social facilitation).

Question 3

Zajonc (1965)

Answer 3

Drive Theory – arousal enhances dominant responses.

Question 4

Cottrell (1972); Markus (1978)

Answer 4

Evaluation apprehension theory – performance improves when being evaluated.

Question 5

Schmitt et al. (1986)

Answer 5

Mere presence affects task performance, even without evaluation.

Question 6

Sanders et al. (1978)

Answer 6

Distraction-conflict theory – presence of others splits attention, increasing arousal.

Question 7

Ringelmann (1913); Ingham et al. (1974)

Answer 7

Social loafing – individuals exert less effort in groups.

Question 8

Williams et al. (1981); Harkins & Petty (1982)

Answer 8

Accountability reduces social loafing.

Question 9

Moscovici & Zavalloni (1969)

Answer 9

Group polarization – group discussion strengthens initial views.

Question 10

McCauley & Segal (1987)

Answer 10

Isolation can lead to extreme decision-making.

Question 11

Diehl & Stroebe (1987); Brown & Paulus (2002)

Answer 11

Group brainstorming not always more effective than individuals.

Question 12

Janis (1982)

Answer 12

Groupthink – poor decisions in cohesive groups under pressure.