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1
Q

retroperitoneum –> soft tissue mass –> surround aorta/IVC –> retroperitoneal fibrosis vs malig LAD –> how differentiate?

A

retroperitoneal fibrosis –> rarely displace aorta away from spine

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2
Q

retroperitoneal hemorrhage –> CT –> w vs w/o IV contrast –> pros?

A
  • w/o –> rapidly image pt

- w –> may detect actie extrav

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3
Q

pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma –> assoc synd? (5)

A
  • mult endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A & B

- von Hippel-Lindau

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4
Q

extra-adrenal paraganglioma –> MC location?

A

organ of Zuckerkandl –> along aortic bifurcation to level of bladder

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5
Q

post-micturition syncope –> ddx? (1)

A

extra-adrenal paraganglioma involving bladder

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6
Q

extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma –> potential NM studies? (3)

A
  • Iodine-123 MIBG
  • Indium-111 pentetreotide scintigraphy
  • Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET/CT
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7
Q

what are glomus tumors?

A

paraganglioma of head/neck

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8
Q

glomus tumor (paraganglioma of head/neck) –> involving… is called…?

  • tympanic membrane
  • jugular foramen
  • carotid body
  • vagus N
A
  • glomus tympanicum
  • glomus jugulare
  • carotid body tumor
  • glomus vagale
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9
Q

pheochromocytoma –> MRI sign?

A

“light bulb” sign –> marked T2 hyper

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10
Q

adrenal gland –> masses arising from adrenal medulla? (4)

A
  • pheochromocytoma

- neuroblastic tumors: ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma, neuroblastoma

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11
Q

absent nephrogram –> ddx? (3)

A
  • acute renal A/V occlusion
  • chronic ureteral obstruct
  • congenital/acquired renal dz –> nonfxing nephrons
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12
Q

what is bilat persistent nephrogram? ddx? (5)

A

both kidneys –> retain contrast >3min –> delayed urine excrete:

  • systemic hypotension
  • acute tubular necrosis
  • bilat obstructive uropathy
  • contrast nephropathy
  • proteinuria –> ie. myeloma kidney
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13
Q

unilat delayed nephrogram –> ddx? (4)

A
  • acute ureteral obstruct
  • renal A stenosis
  • renal V thrombosis/compression
  • acute pyelonephritis
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14
Q

unilat prolonged (hyperdense) nephrogram –> ddx? (3)

A
  • acute ureter obstruct
  • renal A stenosis
  • renal V thrombosis/compression
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15
Q

unilat striated nephrogram –> ddx? (6)

A
  • acute urinary obstruct
  • acute pyelonephritis
  • renal infarct
  • renal V thrombosis/vasculitis
  • renal contusion
  • acute rad tx
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16
Q

bilat striated nephrogram –> ddx? (5)

A
  • acute urinary obstruct
  • acute pyelonephritis
  • acute tubular necrosis
  • hypotension
  • autosomal recessive polycystic kidney dz (ARPKD)
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17
Q

kidney –> excretory phase –> extra-calyceal contrast –> ddx? (3)

A
  • tubular ectasia/medullary sponge kidney
  • calyceal diverticulum
  • papillary necrosis
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18
Q

what is medullary sponge kidney

A

tubular ectasia w assoc calcs of renal medullary pyramids

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19
Q

unilat enlrg kidney –> ddx? (4)

A
  • pyelonephritis
  • acute ureteral obstruct
  • renal V thrombosis
  • compensatory hypertrophy
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20
Q

what is Weigert-Meyer rule?

A

duplicated collecting system:

  • upper pole ureter –> ectopic insert (med/inf) –> ureterocele, obstruct (upper obstructs)
  • lower pole –> normal insert (lat/sup) –> reflux (lower refluxes)
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21
Q

medullary nephrocalcinosis –> causes? (6) MCC?

A
  • # 1 hyperPTH
  • renal tubular acidosis type 1
  • medullary sponge kidney
  • papillary necrosis
  • child –> furosemide/lasix tx
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22
Q

cortical nephrocalcinosis –> causes? (6)

A
  • acute cortical necrosis
  • chronic glomerulonephritis
  • chronic transplant reject
  • hyperoxaluria
  • Alport synd
  • autosomal recessive polycystic kidney dz (ARPKD)
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23
Q

kidney –> cortical necrosis –> MOA?

A

small vessel vasospasm or systemic hypotension –> acute ischemia

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24
Q

kidney –> cortical necrosis –> CT appearance?

A
  • renal cortex –> no enhance

- renal medulla –> normal enhance

25
what is papillary necrosis?
renal papillary tissue --> necrosis & slough
26
papillary necrosis --> clinical presentation?
gross hematuria
27
papillary necrosis --> potential comp?
chronic renal insuff
28
papillary necrosis --> MC causes? (4)
- NSAIDs - sickle cell - DM - renal V thrombosis
29
papillary necrosis --> 3 classic signs?
- "ball on tee" - "lobster claw" - "signet ring"
30
what is page kidney?
subcapsular collection (ie hematoma, urinoma) --> compress kidney --> 2ary HTN
31
hydronephrosis --> nonobstructive cause? (2)
- vesicoureteral reflux | - preg
32
what is xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?
obstructing staghorn calculus --> chronic renal infx --> fibrofatty inflamm tissue --> replace renal parenchyma
33
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis --> 2 MC org?
- proteus | - Ecoli
34
HIV nephropathy --> specific US findings?
enlrg echogenic kidneys
35
lithium nephropathy --> classic CT appearance?
bilat kidney --> normal size --> numerous scattered uniform microcysts
36
RCC --> subtypes? (3) MC type?
- #1 clear cell - papillary - chromophobe
37
renal medullary CA --> MC epidemiology?
sickle cell
38
renal lesion --> macroscopic fat & calc --> ddx?
RCC w macroscopic fat
39
renal mass --> looks like RCC --> another ddx? (1)
oncocytoma
40
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) --> manifestations? (6)
- renal cysts --> mult bilat RCC --> clear cell subtype - multifocal pheochromocytoma - CNS hemangioblastoma - pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor - pancreas serous cystadenoma - pancreas/liver cysts
41
Birt-Hogg-Dube --> manifestations? (4)
- derm lesions - cystic lung dz - mult renal oncocytomas - RCC --> chromophobe subtype
42
mult bilat renal angiomyolipomas --> ddx? (1)
tuberous sclerosis
43
renal transplant --> comp --> fluid collection --> ddx based on timing? - immed postop - 1-2wk postop - 3-4wk - >2mo
- immed postop: hematoma - 1-2wk postop: urinoma - 3-4wk: abscess - >2mo: lymphocele
44
what is ureteritis cystica?
ie. chronic infx, stone dz --> chronic urinary tract inflamm --> several small subepithelial cysts --> benign --> mult tiny filling defects
45
ureter --> what is leukoplakia (squamous metaplasia)?
rare urothelial inflamm condition --> white patch
46
ureter --> leukoplakia (squamous metaplasia) --> charact appearance?
"corduroy" appearance
47
what is malacoplakia?
rare --> chronic UTI --> chronic inflamm granulomatous condition
48
malacoplakia --> epidemiology?
mid age F
49
malacoplakia --> imaging appearance?
bladder and/or distal ureter --> mult flat filling defects
50
multifocal ureteral stenosis --> ddx?
TB
51
kidney TB --> imaging appearance?
parenchymal calc & scarrin
52
bladder TB --> imaging appearance?
small capacity bladder --> thick wall
53
prostate CA --> MRI findings? - DWI - T2 - enhance
- restrict diff - T2 low - early enhance (compared to surrounding peripheral zone)
54
prostate CA --> what is hemorrhage exclusion sign?
post-bx: - normal prostate tissue --> high [citrate] --> more bleed --> T1 hyper - neoplastic tissue --> lower [citrate] --> bleed less --> T1 low
55
prostate CA --> peripheral vs transitional zone lesion --> which MRI seq is used to assign PI-RADS category?
- peripheral --> ADC | - transitional --> T2
56
adrenal mass --> portal venous HU >120 --> rapid washout --> ddx? (2)
NOT an adenoma! - met - pheo
57
Conn synd (synd of excess aldosterone) --> MCC?
benign adenoma
58
MEN synd (3)?
MEN1 (3P): - pituitary - parathyroid - pancreas MEN2A (2P 1M): - parathyroid - pheo - medullary thyroid MEN2B (1P 2M): - pheo - medullary thyroid - marfanoid habitus / mucosal neuroma

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