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CORE > Physics Ch 9 Nuc Med > Flashcards

Physics Ch 9 Nuc Med Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

neutrons > protons –> what kind of decay?

A

beta minus

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2
Q

protons > neutrons –> what kind of decay?

A

beta plus

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3
Q

what happen in beta minus decay?

A
  • beta particle eject
  • anti-neutrino eject
  • neutron change to proton
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4
Q

beta minus decay –> involve kind of transition? –> isobar/isotope/isotone?

A

isobaric –> same mass

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5
Q

beta minus decay –> should use what kind of shield –> lead/plastic?

A

plastic

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6
Q

what happen in beta plus decay?

A
  • positron eject
  • neutrino eject
  • proton change to neutron
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7
Q

what happen after positron emission?

A
  • travel very short distance
  • annihilate w electron
  • two 511 keV photons –> 180 deg apart
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8
Q

what happen in electron capture?

A
  • K shell electron –> into nucleus
  • proton change to neutron
  • release gamma photon
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9
Q

electron capture –> involve kind of transition? –> isobar/isotope/isotone/isomer?

A

1) isobaric –> same mass

2) isomeric –> release gamma photon

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10
Q

good for imaging?

  • beta minus decay
  • beta plus decay
  • electron capture
A
  • beta minus decay: no
  • beta plus decay: Y –> positron
  • electron capture: Y –> gamma
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11
Q

Tc-99m –> release what kind of photon? keV?

A

gamma –> 140 keV

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12
Q

cyclotron –> radioisotopes? (4)

A
  • molybdenum-99
  • fluorine-18
  • gallium-67
  • thallium-201
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13
Q

nuclear reactor –> radioisotopes? (4)

A
  • molybdenum-98
  • iodine-131
  • xenon-133
  • thallium-201
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14
Q

nuclear reactor –> radioisotope production –> cons? (2)

A
  • low yield of desired radioisotope

- produce undesired things

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15
Q

radionuclide generator –> radioisotopes? (2)

A
  • Tc-99m

- krypton-81m

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16
Q

radionuclide generator –> molybdenum-99 –> Tc-99 –> what must be done before can use Tc?

A

Tc in + state –> stannous ions –> reduce Tc to useable state

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17
Q

Tc-99 –> radionuclide purity test –> what is break-thru?

A

Mo that is in sample

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18
Q

NRC: Tc-99 –> how much breakthru is allowed?

A

time of admin –> 0.15 microCi Mo per 1 milliCi Tc

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19
Q

Tc-99 –> chemical purity test –> test for what?

A

Aluminum contamination

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20
Q

Tc-99 –> Aluminum contamination –> allowable amt?

A

<10 microgram Al per 1 mL

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21
Q

Tc-99 –> Aluminum contamination –> how test for it?

A

pH paper

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22
Q

Tc-99 –> Aluminum contamination –> manifestation on imaging? (2)

A
  • Tc scan –> liver activity

- sulfur colloid scan –> lung activity

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23
Q

Tc-99 –> radionuclide purity test –> which assay 1st? –> Mo vs Tc

A

Mo

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24
Q

presence of free Tc –> MOA? (2)

A
  • lack of stannous ions

- accidental air inject into syringe/vial

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25
presence of free Tc --> imaging finding?
uptake in: - gastric - salivary gland - thyroid
26
Tc-99 --> radiochemical purity test --> test for what?
free Tc
27
Tc-99 --> radiochemical purity test --> how test for it?
thin layer chromatography
28
Tc-99 --> radionuclide purity test --> how test for it?
dose calibrator w lead shield
29
what is equilibrium?
concentration of parent isotope = conc daughter isotope [Mo-99] = [Tc-99]
30
what is transient equilibrium? how many half lives to reach equilibrium? example?
parent isotope half life > daughter half life 4 half lives --> equilibrium for short time Mo-99 --> Tc-99
31
what is secular equilibrium?
parent isotope half life >>> daughter half life parent & daugther reach equilibrium --> in equilibrium for long time
32
what is half life? - physical - biological - effective
- physical: activity --> dec by 1/2 - biological: eliminate (pee/poo) 1/2 substance - effective: considering both physical + biological half life
33
effective half life --> formula?
1/effective = 1/physical + 1/biologic
34
radioactive activity --> unit?
- curie (Ci) | - SI unit --> Becquerel (Bq) = 1 disintegration per sec
35
nuc med --> what is specific activity?
activity per unit mass (Bq/g)
36
how specific activity relate to half life?
longer half life --> lower specific activity
37
how does collimator sensitivity affect resolution?
inc collimator sensitivity --> inc counts to be imaged --> dec resolution
38
how does distance affect collimator sensitivity?
no effect
39
collimator --> how does septal length (collimator depth) affect sensitivity? spatial resolution?
- shorter septa: inc sens --> dec resolution | - longer septa: dec sens --> inc resolution
40
collimator --> how does hole diameter affect sensitivity? spatial resolution?
- small hole: dec sens --> inc resolution | - bigger hole: inc sens --> dec resolution
41
collimator: low vs high energy tracer --> should use short/long septa length? small/big hole?
low energy: - short septa - small hole high energy: - long septa - big hole
42
collimator --> 4 types?
- parallel - pinhole - converging - diverging
43
pinhole collimator --> used to image what organ?
- thyroid | - other small parts
44
pinhole collimator --> image charact: - not/magnify? - not/invert?
- mag | - invert
45
converging collimator (cone beam) --> image charact: - not/magnify? - not/invert?
- mag | - not invert
46
scintillation crystal --> thin vs thick --> how affect.. - sens - spatial resolution
thin xl: - worse sens - better resolution thick: - better sens - worse resolution
47
V/Q scan --> which image first? --> Xe vs Tc? why?
lower energy photon 1st: Xe --> Tc if Tc first --> downscatter --> Xe --> can't accurately pick up Xe peak
48
what is star artifact? MC seen in what situation?
collimator holes --> hexagonal pattern --> focal intense energy --> penetrate collimator septa --> star artifact? high therapeutic dose --> thyroid scan --> use med energy collimator instead of high
49
gamma camera --> quality control --> tested parameters? (4)
- field uniformity - window setting - image linearity & spatial resolution - center of rotation
50
gamma camera --> quality control --> what is field uniformity --> what test?
flood --> camera produce uniform image across entire xl surface?
51
gamma camera --> quality control --> field uniformity --> how often?
- extrinsic (w collimator) --> daily | - intrinsinc (no collimator) --> wkly
52
gamma camera --> quality control --> field uniformity --> recommended count for extrinsic & intrinsic flood test?
5-10million counts
53
gamma camera --> quality control --> energy window setting --> how often?
daily
54
gamma camera --> quality control --> image linearity & spatial resolution --> how often?
wkly
55
gamma camera --> quality control --> center of rotation --> how often?
monthly
56
gamma camera --> quality control --> center of rotation --> how test?
done w Tc-99 point sources along axis of rotation --> axis should be straight
57
ring badge --> how to properly wear?
dominant hand --> index finger --> label towards source (usu towards palm) --> glove over
58
no lead apron in nuc med --> why? (2)
- thin lead not stop gamma rays | - lead --> slow down gamma ray --> transform into Bremmstrahlung XR --> worsen dose exposure
59
sodium iodine well counter --> like a small gamma camera --> good for what kind of samples? (3)
- "wipe test" samples - blood - urine
60
Geiger-Muller counter --> click once then stop --> what happened?
lrg radiation --> overload device --> "dead time" before device can respond again
61
Geiger-Muller counter --> max dose before dead time?
100 mR/h
62
when use ion chamber over Geiger-Muller counter? (2)
- measure dose rate | - expect higher doses
63
ion chamber --> exposure rate --> detectable range?
0.1-100 R/h
64
dose calibrator (ionizing chamber) --> quality assurance --> what parameters need to be tested? (4)
- consistency - linearity - accuracy - geometry
65
dose calibrator (ionizing chamber) --> quality assurance --> what is tested? (4) how often?
CLAG: - constancy: daily - linearity: qtrly - accuracy: annual - geometry: when mv
66
what is major spill? - Tc-99m - Tl-201 - In-111 - I-123 - Ga-67 - I-131
- Tc-99m: >100 mCi - Tl-201: 100 - In-111: 10 - I-123: 10 - Ga-67: 10 - I-131: 1
67
major spill occurs --> what do you do?
- do NOT clean it up | - call radiation safety officer
68
minor spill occur --> what do you do? 5 steps?
1) protect pt 2) confine spill/limit spread 3) clean spill 4) survey cleanup items 5) survey cleanup ppl
69
minor spill occur --> contaminated items --> how many half lives to decay to safe level?
10
70
wipe test --> does NOT work for what kind of radioistope contamination?
Xenon
71
general public --> annual dose limit?
100 mrem
72
Sv to rem --> conversion?
1 mSv = 100 mrem
73
NRC occupation exposure dose limit? - total body dose per yr - ocular lens - organ (incl skin)
- total body dose per yr: 5 rem (50mSv) - ocular lens: 15 rem (150 mSv) - organ (incl skin): 50 rem (500 mSv)
74
NRC occupation exposure dose limit --> fetus over entire 9 mo?
0.5 rem (5 mSv)
75
difference: recordable event vs reportable medical event? (2)
recordable event: - whole body dose <5 rem - organ dose <50 rem reportable medical event - whole body dose >5 rem - organ dose >50 rem
76
recordable event --> keep document --> how long?
5yr
77
reportable medical event occurs --> next step?
notify: - NRC - ordering physician - pt
78
exposure rate? - radiation area - high radiation area
- radiation area: 5 mRem/hr (0.05mSv) | - high radiation area: 100 mRem/hr
79
what is target organ?
organ of interest --> want tracer to accumulate in
80
what is critical organ?
organ --> inc susceptibility for cancer --> limit dose of radiopharmaceutical
81
HIDA --> critical organ?
GB wall
82
DMSA --> critical organ?
kidney
83
pertechnetate --> critical organ?
stomach
84
sulfur colloid --> critical organ? - IV - PO
- IV: liver | - PO: prox colon
85
sestamibi --> critical organ?
prox colon
86
MAG3 --> critical organ?
bladder
87
I-123 MIBG --> critical organ?
bladder
88
I-131 MIBG --> critical organ?
liver
89
gallium --> critical organ?
distal colon
90
thallium --> critical organ?
kidney
91
octreotide --> critical organ?
spleen
92
In-WBC --> critical organ?
spleen
93
damage RBC --> critical organ?
spleen
94
#1 advantage of SPECT over planar?
improved contrast from overlapping struct
95
SPECT is depth-dependent --> T/F?
T
96
PET is depth-dependent --> T/F?
F
97
brain SPECT --> use what kind of collimator?
fan beam
98
cardiac SPECT --> what is tuning fork artifact?
error w center of rotation (misregistration error) --> point source look like tuning fork
99
SPECT vs PET --> match: - few cameras rotate around pt - set of complete rings/detectors around pt
- SPECT --> few cameras rotate around pt | - PET --> set of complete rings/detectors around pt
100
PET --> uses thicker crystal than SPECT --> T/F?
T
101
PET: inc dose --> inc random coincidence --> T/F?
T
102
PET: what is noise equivalent counts (NEC)?
ratio: true coincidences/total coincidences (true/true+false) same as signal to noise ratio (SNR)
103
PET: scintillator crystal --> which has best density/resolution/decay time? worst?
- best --> lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) | - worst --> bismuth germanate (BGO)
104
PET: spatial resolution --> #1 limiting factor?
xl thickness
105
PET: obese pt --> what can use to improve spatial resolution & image contrast?
time of flight
106
time of flight PET vs standard PET --> is there a difference in SUV values?
time of flight --> higher SUV than standard PET
107
contraindications for vasodilator pharmacologic stress? (2)
- 2nd- or 3rd-degree atrioventricular (AV) block without a pacemaker - sick sinus syndrome
108
antidote for adenosine?
Aminophylline
109
F-18 FDG --> cardiac --> eval for?
cardiac viability
110
Dipyridamole --> MOA?
indirect coronary artery vasodilator
111
Exercise stress test --> need to reach heart rate of?
85% of age-predicted maximal heart rate
112
what is transient ischemic dilation (TID)?
paradoxical phenomenon seen in myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging --> severe balanced coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia may result in apparent enlargement of the left ventricular cavity during stress
113
cardiac study --> Tc-99m tetrofosmin --> mech of uptake?
passive diffusion
114
what is Roentgen?
measure of exposure to x-ray or gamma ray radiation. One roentgen is that amount of x-ray or gamma radiation that will deposit enough energy to liberate 1 electrostatic unit in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air.
115
what is absorbed dose? unit?
amount of energy that ionizing radiation imparts to a given mass of matter - Gy - rad
116
what is equivalent dose? unit?
dose equivalent relates the absorbed dose to the biological effect of that dose. The absorbed dose of specific types of radiation is multiplied by a "quality factor" to arrive at the dose equivalent - Sv - rem
117
Tl-201 thallous chloride --> CNS lymphoma vs toxo?
- lymphoma: pos | - toxo: neg
118
Gastric emptying study - what is normal study?
4 hours --> 10% or less of initial activity should remain in the stomach

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