Gut Protection

Question 1

• long tube, mouth to anus
• different forms & shapes
• muscular & membranous
• lined w/ mucosa
• joins w/ skin at mouth & anus
• facilitates digestion & projection

Answer 1

the gut

Question 2

4 layers in gut wall

Answer 2

• serosa
• two muscularis layers
• submucosa
• mucosa

Question 3

delicate & watery
topmost

Answer 3

serosa layer

Question 4

for motility

Answer 4

muscularis layer

Question 5

full of blood and nerve supply

Answer 5

submucosa layer

Question 6

digestion & defence
innermost layer

Answer 6

mucosa layer

Question 7

oesophagus epithelial cells

Answer 7

ciliated to transport food

Question 8

stomach epithelial cells

Answer 8

used to neutralise materials with pH2

Question 9

process food to
- obtain nutrients
- remove waste
- transport nutrients for further use
- maintain integrity, body functions and health

Answer 9

function of gut

Question 10

gut protects against damage from

Answer 10

• invaders
• pathogens
• food

Question 11

mechanisms of gut protection can be

Answer 11

• sensory
• physical & mechanical
• biochemical & physiological
• phagocyte cells & immunity

Question 12

indirect sensory helpers of gut protection

Answer 12

• sound
• sight
• smell

Question 13

direct sensory helpers of gut protection

Answer 13

• touch taste

Question 14

• early warning system
• line of gut protection against good/bad odours

Answer 14

smell as a gut protection mechanism

Question 15

• taste buds located on various papillae of tongue except filiform
• type & extent of taste differs w/ species
• horse = no taste except at apex root of tongue - can still spit out food

Answer 15

taste as a gut protection mechanism

Question 16

openings & sphincters in gut

Answer 16

• oro-pharynx
• oesophageal-gastric
• caecum-colon
• anal

Question 17

use of teeth, jaw and tongue as physical gut protection

Answer 17

• reduce size & soften particles
• reduce choking risk

Question 18

rejection of antigenic food

Answer 18

• vomiting and diarrhoea
• gut distention & impaction
• gut rupture & peritonitis

Question 19

oral cavity as biochemical gut protection

Answer 19

• saliva pH7 - neutralise
• enzymes
• mucous
• lysozyme

Question 20

rumen, caecum & colon as physiological protection

Answer 20

• protect against pathogens and metabolites using microbes

Question 21

stomach as physiological gut protection

Answer 21

• acids to kill pathogens
• pepsins for proteolysis
• hormones
• mucous for lubrication

Question 22

biochemical and physiological gut protection mechanisms

Answer 22

• oral cavity
• rumen, caecum & colon
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• gastric diffusion barrier
• mucous gel layer

Question 23

small intestine as biochemical gut protection

Answer 23

• more enzymes for chemical breakdown
• lymph & mucous for gut protection
• antigenic or mast cells

Question 24

large intestine as biochemical gut protection

Answer 24

• microbial, mucous & lymph

Question 25

- epithelium w/ a cell tight junction in glands - impermeable to acid of gastric membrane - mucous gel layer - HCO3- microclimate adjacent to epithelial surface

Answer 25

gastric diffusion barrier as biochemical gut protection

Question 26

- mucin, a high molecular glycoprotein - phospholipids - electrolytes - water

Answer 26

composition of mucous gel layer

Question 27

- response to antigenic stimuli - mucous = irritated by ingested food - viscous coating of mucosa protects gut from: acid, pepsin, bile & ethanol - lubricates to prevent abrasion

Answer 27

function of mucous gel layer

Question 28

- opening between oesophagus-intestine closes - x-ray to know if dilation, torsion or both impacts: - animal tries to belch or vomit - blood flow interruption - stomach rupture - peritonitis - surgery or death

Answer 28

expanded & twisted gut/torsion in dogs

Question 29

causes: - lush & leguminous pastures - high CHO diets = rapid fermentation - more gas than lumen can handle - no gas escape = gut blockage first aid treatments: - 200ml veg oil - stab to let gas out in extreme cases - vet needed to stitch & clean - antiseptic & antibiotic

Answer 29

bloated lume in cattle

Question 30

malfunctioning of abdominal cavity - due to lapse in gut protection - ingestion of sharp objects - perforation of stomach/pancreas - gall bladder & liver damage infectious peritonitis - enlarged lymph node - inflammation of intestine & abdominal wall

Answer 30

feline pertonitis

Question 31

- rumen ferments fibre - volatile fatty acids dissociate & absorbed via rumen epithelium - damaged rumen epithelium = microbial entry into blood - abscessed liver & rumen due to pathogenic microbes

Answer 31

acidosis in ruminants

Question 32

- inflammation of pancreas - digestive enzymes spill into abdomen clinical signs - nausea, vomiting & diarrhoea - fever & abdominal pain - sever = acute shock, depression & death

Answer 32

pancreatitis in dogs