Role of the Skeletal system in health

Question 1

simple fracture

Answer 1

skin remains intacts

Question 2

compound fracture

Answer 2

• at least one end of bone tears through the skin

Question 3

transverse fracture

Answer 3

straight fracture across the bone

Question 4

oblique fracture

Answer 4

diagonal fracture across bone

Question 5

spiral fracture

Answer 5

one or both halves of bone are twisted

Question 6

comminuted fracture

Answer 6

bone breaks into several small pieces

Question 7

impacted fracture

Answer 7

one broken end is driven into the other broken end

Question 8

avulsion fracture

Answer 8

small piece of bone attached to tendon or ligament gets pulled away from main mass of bone

Question 9

physeal fracture

Answer 9

separation or fragmentation of epiphyseal plate in growing animals

Question 10

complete fractures

Answer 10

• transverse
• oblique
• spiral
• comminuted
• impacted
• avulsion
• physeal

Question 11

incomplete fractures

Answer 11

• fissure
• greenstick
• depression

Question 12

fissure fracture

Answer 12

crack in the bone

Question 13

greenstick fracture

Answer 13

only one side of bone is broken

Question 14

depression fracture

Answer 14

broken bone portion presses inward

Question 15

bone fracture healing

Answer 15

1) hematoma formation
2) soft callus formation
3) bony callus formation
4) bone remodelling

Question 16

hematoma formation

Answer 16

• localised clotted blood from broken vessels initiates pro-inflammatory reaction
• cell debris is cleared by phagocytes & osteoclasts remove necrotic bone

Question 17

soft callus formation

Answer 17

• new blood vessels appear, a network of soft spongey bone, fibrous tissue an cartilage is formed
• this fibrocartilaginous callus bridges both fracture sites

Question 18

bony callus formation

Answer 18

• soft callus undergoes ossification
  -hardening of callus starts peripherally and progressively moves towards the centre of fracture

Question 19

bone remodelling

Answer 19

• excess spongey bone is removed
• spongey bone converted to compact bone

Question 20

forms of skeletal injuries/disorders

Answer 20

• hock and knee lesions in cattle
• nutrition issues
• cancer
• selective breeding
• lethal congenital skeletal abnormalities

Question 21

hock and knee lesions in cattle

Answer 21

• an area of abnormal or damaged tissue caused by injury, infection or disease
• higher the lameness in sows with foot lesions, the higher no. of piglets they crush when settling down

Question 22

nutrition based skeletal disorders

Answer 22

bovine hyena disease
- caused by excessive vit A, back legs shorter at odd angle

obesity
- a risk factor to degenerative joint disease

degenerative joint disease
-progressive and permanent long-term deterioration of the articular cartilage
- no blood vessels in cartilage = no regeneration

Question 23

bone cancer

Answer 23

• can cause severe deformities and pain

Question 24

selective breeding as forms of bone deformities

Answer 24

tibial dyschondroplasia
- in chickens, very weak legs in comparison to sudden muscle gain

brachycephaly
- brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome
- common in pugs
- mutation in SMOC2 gene

Question 25

lethal congenital skeletal abnormalities

Answer 25

brachyspina - sever shortening of entire vertebral column w/ relatively long legs cyclopia - incomplete division of embryonic prosencephalon to properly divid orbits of eye

Question 26

non-lethal congenital skeletal abnormalities

Answer 26

- cleft palate - kyphosis - spinal dermoid sinus

Question 27

cleft palate

Answer 27

- lack of fusion between structures forming the palate - many potential causes

Question 28

kyphosis

Answer 28

- abnormal, outward spine curvature - more likely to develop in pigs feeding from mothers lacking vitamin D

Question 29

spinal dermoid sinus

Answer 29

- vertebral and thoracic limb malformations

Question 30

risk factors to skeletal disorders

Answer 30

- obesity - breed - age housing

Question 31

surgical treatments

Answer 31

- in livestock, only done in higher genetic merit animals - pets get most care - Impossible to heal horse bone fractures - prosthetics available - non-surgical treatments available = water therapy

Question 32

polygenetic inheritance

Answer 32

- both sexes affected - both parents contribute a gene to affected offspring, not necessarily equal - not predictable ration in pedigree

Question 33

autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer 33

- affected dogs are homozygous for mutant gene - both parents of affected offspring are heterozygous - males and females equally affected