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Medical Assisting > HA&T Chapter 15 > Flashcards

HA&T Chapter 15 Flashcards

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0
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone phagocytes. Large cells that digest bony tissue

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1
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells

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2
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small rounded bones, resembling sesame seeds in shape. They are found near joints and increase the efficiency of muscles near a particular joint. Kneecap is the largest example.

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3
Q

Flat bones

A

Are found covering soft body parts. I.e. skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones

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4
Q

Short bones

A

Are found in the wrist and ankle. Are small and irregularly shaped.

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5
Q

Long bones

A

Found in the thigh, lower leg, upper and lower arm. These bones are very strong, and are broad at the ends where they join up with other bones. They have large areas for muscle attachment.

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6
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft, or middle region of a long bone.

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

Each end of a long bone.

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8
Q

Epiphyseal line or plate

A

Represents an area of cartilage tissue the is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows. AKA growth plate

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9
Q

Metaphysis

A

Is the flared portion of the bone. It lies between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, adjacent to epiphyseal plate.

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

Is a strong fibrous vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at the epiphyses. Has nerve supply. Other types of bones also covered with periosteum.

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint are covered with articulate cartilage. Cartilage is a strong, thick, slick tissue. It cushions joint and allows it to moves smoothly

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12
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

Is a layer of hard dense bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones and is located chiefly around diaphysis of long bones.

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13
Q

Haversian canals

A

Canals found in compacts bone through which blood vessels transport nutrients and oxygen to bone tissue and remove wastes.

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14
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollowed out central shaft of long bones that contain yellow bone marrow, which is chiefly comprised of fat cells

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15
Q

Cancellous bone

A

AKA spongy or trabecular bone, is much more porous and less dense than compact bone. Made up of interwoven fibers called trabecular, this type of bone can be found largely in the epiphysis and metaphysics of long bones and middle portion of most other bones. Contains red blood marrow

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16
Q

Red blood marrow

A

Consists of immature and mature red blood cells in various stages of development

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17
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Is the formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Bone processes

A

Are enlarged areas that out from the bone to serve as attachments muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

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19
Q

Bone depressions

A

Are openings or hollow regions serving as connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels or nerves.

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20
Q

Sutures

A

The joints of the cranial bones

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21
Q

Fontanelles

A

The gaps of unossified tissue in the skull of an infant at birth

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22
Q

Bone head

A

Rounded head of a bone. Ball joint

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23
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded knuckle-like process

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24
Epicondyle
Small rounded process above the condyle
25
Trochanters
Large and small processes for tendon attachments
26
Tuberosity
Small round elevation where tendons and muscles attach
27
Fissure
Narrow groove or slit-like opening
28
Foramen
Opening for blood vessels and nerves
29
Fossa
Shallow cavity in or on a bone
30
Sinus
Hollow cavity within a bone
31
Frontal bone
Forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes.
32
Parietal bone
The two bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and the upper part of the sides of the cranium.
33
Temporal bone
The 2 bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium.each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible.
34
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones.
35
Occipital bone
Forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones forming a suture.
36
Foramen magnum
An opening through the inferior portion of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
37
Sphenoid bone
The bat shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull..
38
Ethmoid bone
The thin delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes.
39
Nasal bones
The two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose. They join with the frontal bone superiorly and form part of the nasal septum.
40
Lacrimal bones
The two small thin bones located at the corner of each eye. The lacrimal bones contain fossa for the lacrimal gland (tear gland) and canals for the lacrimal duct.
41
Maxillary bones
The two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones. They are joined by a suture in the median plane. If the two bones do not come together normally before birth the condition known as cleft palate results.
42
Mandibular bone
The lower jawbone. Both the maxilla and the mandible contain the sockets called alveoli in which the teeth are imbedded.
43
Zygomatic bones
The two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high portion of the cheek.
44
Vomer
The thin single flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum.
45
Sinuses
or air cavities,are located in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through.
46
Vertebral column
Is composed of 26 bone segments, called vertebrae, that are arranged in 5 divisions from the base of the skull to the tailbone.
47
Vertebral body
Is the inner thick round anterior portion of the vertebrae.
48
Intervertebral disk
Lie between the body of one vertebra and the body of the one just below it. It is a pad of cartilage that provides flexibility and absorbs shocks to the vertebral column. A spinal disk herniation accurs when a disk tears causing a portion to bulge out into the neural canal.
49
Spinous process
Is the center portion of the posterior part of the vertebra. It is flanked on either side by the transverse processes.
50
Transverse process
Located on the posterior portion of the vertebra, there is one on either side of the spinous process.
51
Lamina
Is the bar like connection between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebra
52
Neural tube
Is the space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes.
53
Cervical vertebrae
The first 7 vertebrae of the spine, forming the bony aspect of the next. C-1 - C-7
54
Thoracic vertebrae
The second set of 12 vertebrae. These vertebrae articulate with 12 pairs of ribs. T-1 - T-12
55
Lumbar vertebrae
This set of 5 vertebrae. They are the strongest and largest of the backbones. They do not articulate with the ribs. L-1 - L-5
56
Sacral vertebrae
Are 5 separate bones that fuse In a young child. In an adult the sacrum is a slightly curved triangularly shaped bone.
57
Coccyx
Is the tailbone, and it, also is fused, having been formed from 4 small coccygeal bones
58
Ankle joint is made up of what bones?
Tibia, fibula and talus
59
Tarsals
Bones of the hind part of the foot (hind foot); these 7 short bones resembles the carpal bones of the wrist but are larger.
60
Calcaneous
The largest of the tarsal bones located in the hind foot, AKA the heel bone.
61
Metatarsals
Bones of the mid foot. There are five.
62
Acetabulum
Rounded depression,or socket,in the pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint.
63
Acromion
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
64
Manubrium
Upper portion of the sternum, articulates with the medial aspect of the clavicle
65
Mastoid process
Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
66
Olecranon
Large process on the proximal end of the ulna, the point of a flexed elbow
67
Exostosis
Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone. Osteachondromas composed of cartilage and bone.
68
Types of fractures
Simple (closed) - bone broken but no open wound. Compound (open) - bone broken and a fragment protrudes through an open wound. Crepitus - crackling sound produced when bones rub against each other
69
Colles fracture
Near the wrist at distal end of radius.
70
Comminuted
Bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces.
71
Compression
Bone collapses or is compressed, occurs in vertebrae
72
Green stick
Bone is partially broken, breaks on one surface and bends on another. Often occurring in forearm.
73
Impacted
One fragment is driven firmly into the other, at the head of the femur or head of the humerus.
74
ORIF
Open Reduction / Internal Fixation
75
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
76
Suture joint
An immovable joint, like in the skull.
77
Synovial joints
Freely movable joints
78
Joint capsule
Surrounds the bones of a synovial joint, it is composed of fibrous tissue
79
Ligaments
Thickened bands of fibrous connective tissue, anchor one bone to another., and add considerable strength to the joint capsule in critical areas.
80
Synovial membranes
Lies under the synovial capsule and lines the synovial cavity between the bones
81
Synovial fluid
Contains water and nutrients that nourish as well as lubricates so that friction on the articulate cartilage is minimal.
82
Meniscus
Is a crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partially divides a joint cavity and acts as a protective cushion. It's in the knee
83
Arthritis
Inflammation of any joint
84
Osteoarthritis
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hyper trophy of bone at articular surfaces
85
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain, caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.
86
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones, bending a limb
87
Extension
Increasing the angle between two limbs, straightening out a limb
88
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body.
89
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
90
Rotation Internal rotation External rotation
Circular movement around an axis Toward the center of the body Away from the center of the body
91
Dorsiflextion
Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so the foot bends backward
92
Plantar flexion
Motion that extends the foot downward like stepping on the gas
93
Supination
As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm up.
94
Pronation
The act of turning the palm down
95
Fascia
Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
96
AC
Acromioclavicular Joint
97
ACL
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
98
ANA
Antinuclear Antibody - indicator of systemic lupus erythematosus
99
BMD
Bone Mineral Density
100
CK
Creating Kinase, enzyme elevated in muscle disease
101
CTS
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
102
DO
Doctor of Osteopathy
103
DTRs
Deep Tendon Reflexes
104
EMG
Electromyography
105
ESR (sed rate)
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate, indicates inflammation
106
IM
Intramuscular
107
RF
Rheumatoid Factor
108
ROM
Range of Motion
109
SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
110
TKR
Total Knee Replacement
111
THR
Total Hip Replacement
112
Capillary sticks come from which 2 places most commonly
Finger sticks - middle or ring finger of non-dominate hand Heel sticks - newborns - outer part of the heel. PKU Earlobe Wipe away first drop of blood
113
6 sites you should not choose for venipuncture.
``` Mastectomy side Shunt Burned area Edematous limb IV fluids running Hematoma ```

Medical Assisting (23 decks)

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