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LADC > Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

Hallucinogen

A

A substance capable of producing a sensory affect in the absence of actual stimulus.

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2
Q

Psychedelic Effects of Hallucinogens

A

Activates serotonin-5-hydroxtryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT-2A) NT sites.

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3
Q

DMT

A

Occurs naturally in plants and can be made synthetically. Orally or smoked. Schedule I.

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4
Q

LSD

A

Derived from fungus on rye and other breads. Orally or mucous membrane.
Schedule I drug.

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5
Q

Peyote

A

Cactus plant containing hallucinogen mescaline. Can be made synthetically, brewed in tea, swallowed, or consumed raw.

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6
Q

Psilocybin

A

Found in mushrooms in subtropical area. Brewed in tea or eaten raw. Schedule 1. Taken orally, added to foods, or brewed as a tea.

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7
Q

How long does it take to experience effects of hallucinogens?

A

20-90 minutes, lasting 15 minutes to 12 hours. (DMT = shorter experiences, LSD = longer experiences)

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8
Q

Persistent Psychosis

A

Reexperiencing the same perceptual sensations experienced under influence of of a hallucinogen (Disorganized thinking, emotional lability (rapid changes in mood), distrustfulness of others, and visual disturbances.

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9
Q

HPPD

A

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder, recognized by DSM-5

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10
Q

Pelopesia/Telopesia

A

Objects appearing nearer than they are/further away

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11
Q

Micropsia /macropsia

A

Objects appearing smaller/larger than they are

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12
Q

Visual Trailing

A

Seeing stationary objects follow behind moving objects

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13
Q

Ego-dystonic psychosis

A

Thinking misaligned with one’s self-concept

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14
Q

What does LSD look like?

A

Colorless, odorless, and crystalline in appearance. One of the most potent psychoactive substances.

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15
Q

How is LSD available?

A

In liquid form, added to blotter paper, and saturated in sugar cubes.

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16
Q

Is LSD addictive?

A

It does not have the addictive properties of dependence and withdrawal, but tolerance can develop.

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17
Q

What is a bad LSD trip?

A

Traumatic feelings of insanity, terror, looming fear of death, panic attacks, paranoia, and suicidality.

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18
Q

Flashbacks

A

Long-term effect of LSD, disturbing perceptual distortions akin to those experienced while under the influence of LSD.

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19
Q

Ayahuasca

A

Brownish-red tea for brewing DMT

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20
Q

Can you become addicted to DMT?

A

Physical dependence and withdrawal are not associated, but tolerance can occur. Psychological cravings, mood swings, and irritability may happen when detoxing.

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21
Q

Serotonin syndrome

A

Potentially fatal condition associated with high serotonin levels. Individuals who are on antidepressants and mix it with DMT are at higher risk.

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22
Q

Mescaline

A

Derived from the peyote cactus plant, off-white, contained in a capsule or sprinkled on marijuana or cigarette. Mescaline can be chewed, smoked, or ingested, or made into a tea. Schedule 1.

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23
Q

Can you withdraw from mescaline?

A

Physiological dependence and withdrawal are not associated, however psychological symptoms may occur like depression or dysphoria (state of unease).

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24
Q

Why is mescaline unique?

A

Categorized as a phenathylamine, which is a natural intoxicant that contributes to the synthesis of potent hallucinogens and can cause vasonconstriction.

25
Q

How long do the effects of psilocybin last?

A

Experienced within 15-45 minutes and last up to 6 hours.

26
Q

Dissociative Drugs

A

Category of hallucinogens known to cause users to feel detached from their bodies.

27
Q

PCP

A

A dissociative drug originally used as an anesthetic for surgery. Orally, capsule, liquid, or tablet. Smoked, snorted, or injected.

28
Q

Ketamine

A

Used medically as an anesthetic, sedative, pain reliever, or to treat depression. Liquid form or white powder. Snorted, injected, smoked or swallowed.

29
Q

Dextromethorphan (DXM)

A

Potent hallucinogen when taken in large doses. Found in cough medicines.

30
Q

Salvia divinorum

A

Plant, leaves can be chewed, dried, or smoked or brewed into a tea.

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action for PCP, ketamine, and DXM?

A

The disruption of glutamate on specific nerve cells responsible for memory, emotions, and experiences of pain.

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action for S. Divinorum?

A

Activates opioid receptor (different from opioids).

33
Q

How long are the effects of PCP experienced?

A

2-5 minutes when smoked and can last up to 4-6 hours. When administered orally, 20-90 minutes lasting up to 6 and 24 hours.

34
Q

PCP Binge Runs

A

When a person uses PCP multiple times for 2 or 3 consecutive days, during which they don’t eat or sleep. This can cause malnutrition and dehydration, which can lead to organ failure.

35
Q

Does PCP lead to dependence and withdrawal?

A

Regular use of PCP can lead to dependence and withdrawal. Long-term use can produce flashbacks, hallucinations, anxiety, and depression.

36
Q

What does detox tx look like for PCP?

A

Inpatient supportive medical care. Sometimes short-term use of benzos to control seizures or emotional disturbances.

37
Q

What is ketamine used for?

A

To facilitate date rape or sexual assault. Victims experience, blackout, sedation, and memory loss.

38
Q

Can tolerance and dependence develop with ketamine?

A

Yes, but there is higher risk for psychological dependence than physiological.

39
Q

Ketalar and Spravato

A

Schedule III substances, each have different medical uses (ketalar = general anesthesia, spravato = refractory unipolar depression with suicidality.

40
Q

What receptors does ketamine attach to?

A

It is a dissociative anesthetic b/c it breaks apart and attaches to mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors.

41
Q

Ketamine slang: K-hole

A

Dissociative paralysis likened to a near death experience.

42
Q

Ketamine slang: The God Phase

A

The belief the person has total control over the universe.

43
Q

Ketamine slang: baby food

A

Sends person into state of pleasurable immobility, like an infant

44
Q

Ketamine slang: k-land

A

mellow psychedelic transcendence and escape from reality.

45
Q

Salvia Divinorum

A

Mint plant, used in religious ceremonies, raw, dried, or brewed into a tea, inhaled, vaped, or smoked, effects experienced in one minute and last thirty minutes.

46
Q

What is the mechanism of action for salvia divinorum?

A

Through the kappa opioid receptor (different from heroin and morphine.)

47
Q

MDMA

A

Synthetic drug (ecstasy), capsule, liquid, tablet, crystallized to be smoked or snorted. Schedule 1. Tolerance and dependency are hard to predict.

48
Q

MDMA Mechanism of Action

A

45 minutes, lasting 3 hours. Increases serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

49
Q

What are the aftereffects of MDMA?

A

Serotonin depletion because it blocks the reuptake of serotonin.

50
Q

Sexstasy

A

MDMA plus viagra and can result in permanent damage to sexual functioning.

51
Q

Is DXM controlled by the government?

A

No

52
Q

What is illegal use of DXM referred to?

A

Robotripping, tussin toss, skittling, pharming, leaning, or dexing.

53
Q

What is the standard dosage for DXM?

A

10-20 mg every hour, or 30 mg every 6-8 hours.

54
Q

What is DXM mechanism of action?

A

When high doses of DXM are used, DXM works as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NDMA). In low doses, it stops an individual from coughing. In high doses, they dissociate.

55
Q

Amanita Muscaria

A

Highly toxic mushroom with CNS effects leading to coma, or in rare instances, death. Orange, red, or tan cap with white spots.

56
Q

Embalming fluid

A

Contains formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, and other solvents. It is added to marijuana or cigarettes to be smoked, which produces hallucinations.

57
Q

Scopolamine

A

Used for nausea or vomiting caused by surgical anesthesia or motion sickness. May lead to anticholinergic syndrome, which may lead to toxicity and overdose.

58
Q

Nutmeg myristicin

A

Highly toxic when taken in higher-than-normal quantities and can lead to death and organ failure. Severe effects are noted when 50g or more are taken. Causes hallucinations, dry mouth, confusion, and seizures.

LADC (24 decks)

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