hard questions

Question 1

what does DNA ligase do

Answer 1

connects okasaki fragments in the lagging DNA strand

Question 2

what does DNA polymerase do

Answer 2

adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand

Question 3

helicase

Answer 3

enzyme breaks down the double helix in DNA replication by breaking down the hydrogen bonds

Question 4

DNA primase

Answer 4

start enzyme for replication

Question 5

Wich way does DNA build

Answer 5

from 5-3

Question 6

what are nucleotides

Answer 6

building blocks of protien

Question 7

what is transcription

Answer 7

when DNA gets converted by RNA polymerase to mRNA so it can leave the nucleus

Question 8

what happens when dna is converted to mRNA

Answer 8

the base Thymine gets replaced with Uracil

Question 9

what nitrogenous bases go together

Answer 9

Thymine/ Uracil - adenine
guanine - cytosine

Question 10

what is located on the outside of dna and what is there charge

Answer 10

nucleotides, negative

Question 11

what are nucleotides made of

Answer 11

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar molecule either (deoxyribose or ribose)

Question 12

what does RNA do

Answer 12

RNA is located in cytoplasm in ribosomes and attaches to mRNA and lines up the codons and amino acids

Question 13

what Carry’s amino acids to the ribosome

Answer 13

trna

Question 14

what is lac operon

Answer 14

a gene that is required for the transport or metabolism of lactose in bacteria.

Question 15

what is semiconservitave mean in DNA replication

Answer 15

when DNA is being replicated two new stands are formed, one identicle (parental) and one newly synthezied this creates a new semiconservitive DNA because its only semi identivle

Question 16

what’s the universal start codon

Answer 16

Aug

Question 17

what’s the difference between chromosomal mutations and genetic mutations

Answer 17

gene mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a gene that result in change of the phenotypes, chromosomal mutations are physical changes in the structure or number of chromosones

Question 18

what is the deletion chromosomal mutation

Answer 18

a part of chromosomes is missing

Question 19

what is the duplication chromosomal mutation

Answer 19

when a part of the chromosome is copied

Question 20

what is the inversion chromosomal mutation

Answer 20

when a part of a chromosome is fllipped

Question 21

what is translocation mutation

Answer 21

when a part of a chromosome breaks of and attaches to another chromsome

Question 22

what is nondisjunction mutation

Answer 22

when a chromosome fails to separate properly during cell division resulting in to many or to feew chromosome

Question 23

what are frameshift mutations

Answer 23

when there’s an extra nucleic base in a genetic mRNA code resulting in the emino acids being produced being affected

Question 24

what are mutagens

Answer 24

bad things like chemicals and radioation that cause base pair changes

Question 25

carcinogens

Answer 25

chemical that cause cancer

Question 26

what is recombinant dna

Answer 26

DNA that contains genes from 2 or more sources

Question 27

who was Thomas hunt morgan

Answer 27

he was first to assosciate genes with chromosomes

Question 28

who was fredrick grifith

Answer 28

studied phneumia in rats and how there's different strands of DNA

Question 29

who was chargaff

Answer 29

proposed chargaffs rules Wich where that the bases TA go together and CG go togethr

Question 30

Watson and crick

Answer 30

proved the double helix shape

Question 31

what are purines

Answer 31

notrogen bases with two organic rings AG

Question 32

what are prymidines

Answer 32

nitrogen bases with one organic ring CT

Question 33

what are the bases

Answer 33

TAGC

Question 34

why do we use genetic ingeneering

Answer 34

to control genes and change them and for environmental and educational purpouses

Question 35

what theory does lac operon prove

Answer 35

how the environment and nature ur exposed to can affect ur genes. because without lactose the enzyme isn't present therefore it stops the function of certain genes

Question 36

what bonds are located within DNA

Answer 36

hydrogen bonds

Question 37

what bonds are located in nucleiotides

Answer 37

covalent bonds

Question 38

what is the leading strand in dna

Answer 38

the strand that builds from 5 to 3 and is continuos

Question 39

what's the lagging strand in dna

Answer 39

the starnd that builds from 3 to 5 and is fragments

Question 40

what is PCR (polymerase chai reaction)

Answer 40

a technique used to make copies of specific DNA. when DNA is heated and cooled to separate it and then bonded with primers and DNA polymerase to synthesize new replicated DNA.

Question 41

what are restriction enzymes

Answer 41

the enzymes that cut DNA into fragments

Question 42

what are the three ways DNA can transfer in bacteria

Answer 42

conjunction, transduction, and conjugation

Question 43

what does transduction do

Answer 43

when bacterial DNA is transfered to another bacteria by a virus

Question 44

what does transformation do

Answer 44

bacteria take up free Dna from there enviroment

Question 45

what does conjugation do

Answer 45

DNA is directly transferred from one bacteria to another through a physical connection

Question 46

what do cancer cells have

Answer 46

lack diffrenciation form tumors abnormal nuclei

Question 47

during transcription what does Thymine turn into

Answer 47

Uracil

Question 48

what are transgenic organisms

Answer 48

organisms that have had genes form another species inserted into there genetic material. the inserted gene is known as a transgene

Question 49

what are eugeneitcs

Answer 49

a practice where doctors and scientists edit genetics and change them

Question 50

what are the different dnas in protien synthesis and what do they do

Answer 50

DNA- gets transcribed by DNA polymerase MRNA- the replica of the DNA that was transcribed T gets converted to U RNA- connects to the MRna to help match the codons to the anticodons and produce amino acids TRNA- brings amino acids and codons to the ribosome (RRNA)

Question 51

where does replication occur

Answer 51

nucleus

Question 52

what is the difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase

Answer 52

RNA polymerase works in transcription and DNA polymerase works in replication

Question 53

what is transformation

Answer 53

the processes when non sexual reproductive bacteria get new DNA and it can happen in many ways