modern genetics

Question 1

What is the basic unit of protein synthesis?

Answer 1

Amino acid

Question 2

True or False: DNA is a double-stranded molecule.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What process involves copying DNA to produce mRNA?

Answer 3

Transcription

Question 4

Fill in the blank: The structure of DNA is often described as a __________.

Answer 4

Double helix

Question 5

What enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?

Answer 5

DNA polymerase

Question 6

What are the four nucleotide bases in DNA?

Answer 6

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 7

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation? A) Substitution B) Insertion C) Deletion D) Duplication E) Translation

Answer 7

E) Translation

Question 8

What is the main purpose of biotechnology?

Answer 8

To manipulate living organisms or their components for useful purposes.

Question 9

True or False: The lac operon is involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What role does RNA play in protein synthesis?

Answer 10

RNA acts as a template for assembling amino acids into proteins.

Question 11

What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

Answer 11

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the __________ of a protein.

Answer 12

Sequence of amino acids

Question 13

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a component of DNA? A) Ribose B) Deoxyribose C) Glucose D) Fructose

Answer 13

B) Deoxyribose

Question 14

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Answer 14

To convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

Question 15

True or False: Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What are the three main steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 16

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

Answer 17

Gene

Question 18

Multiple Choice: Which of the following processes occurs in the nucleus? A) Translation B) Transcription C) Replication D) Both B and C

Answer 18

D) Both B and C

Question 19

What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

Answer 19

To facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

Question 20

True or False: The lac operon is an example of negative regulation.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What are the products of DNA replication?

Answer 21

Two identical DNA molecules

Question 22

Fill in the blank: A __________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Answer 22

Mutation

Question 23

Multiple Choice: Which type of mutation involves the replacement of one base pair? A) Insertion B) Deletion C) Substitution D) Duplication

Answer 23

C) Substitution

Question 24

What is the significance of the promoter region in a gene?

Answer 24

It is the site where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Question 25

True or False: All mutations lead to changes in protein function.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What is the function of the operator in the lac operon?

Answer 26

To regulate the transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism.

Question 27

Fill in the blank: In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the __________.

Answer 27

Nucleus

Question 28

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

Answer 28

To unwind the DNA double helix.

Question 29

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? A) Enzymatic activity B) Structural support C) Genetic information storage D) Transport

Answer 29

C) Genetic information storage

Question 30

What is a silent mutation?

Answer 30

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Question 31

True or False: The genetic code is universal among all living organisms.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is the first step of transcription?

Answer 32

Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The __________ strand of DNA is used as a template during transcription.

Answer 33

Template

Question 34

Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA is involved in the formation of ribosomes? A) mRNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) all of the above

Answer 34

C) rRNA

Question 35

What is the role of the terminator in transcription?

Answer 35

To signal the end of transcription.

Question 36

True or False: The genetic code consists of codons that are three nucleotides long.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is the purpose of genetic engineering in biotechnology?

Answer 37

To modify the genetic makeup of organisms for specific traits.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the DNA molecule that determines the characteristics of an organism.

Answer 38

Gene

Question 39

Multiple Choice: Which of the following mutations can lead to a frameshift? A) Substitution B) Insertion C) Deletion D) Both B and C

Answer 39

D) Both B and C

Question 40

What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

Answer 40

To assist RNA polymerase in recognizing the promoter.

Question 41

True or False: The process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 42

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the region on a chromosome where the centromere is located.

Answer 43

Centromere

Question 44

Multiple Choice: What type of mutation results in a premature stop codon? A) Silent B) Missense C) Nonsense D) Frameshift

Answer 44

C) Nonsense

Question 45

What is the function of the lacZ gene in the lac operon?

Answer 45

To code for beta-galactosidase, which breaks down lactose.

Question 46

True or False: Eukaryotic genes often contain introns that are spliced out during mRNA processing.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What is the role of spliceosomes in gene expression?

Answer 47

To remove introns from pre-mRNA.

Question 48

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the operon that binds the repressor protein.

Answer 48

Operator

Question 49

Multiple Choice: What is the outcome of a deletion mutation? A) Extra bases are added B) One or more bases are removed C) A single base is changed D) All of the above

Answer 49

B) One or more bases are removed

Question 50

What is the significance of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in mRNA?

Answer 50

They protect mRNA and assist in its export from the nucleus.

Question 51

True or False: The process of DNA replication is semi-conservative.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What is the role of the promoter in gene expression?

Answer 52

It initiates the transcription of a gene.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a regulatory sequence that enhances transcription.

Answer 53

Enhancer

Question 54

Multiple Choice: Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome? A) tRNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) DNA

Answer 54

C) mRNA

Question 55

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 55

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame.

Question 56

True or False: Genetic mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

What is the role of the repressor in the lac operon?

Answer 57

To inhibit transcription of the operon's genes when lactose is absent.

Question 58

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.

Answer 58

Coding region

Question 59

Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the tRNA molecule? A) To carry genetic information B) To assemble ribosomes C) To transfer amino acids to ribosomes D) To edit mRNA

Answer 59

C) To transfer amino acids to ribosomes

Question 60

What is the role of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) in mRNA?

Answer 60

To regulate the stability and translation of mRNA.

Question 61

True or False: The lac operon is only found in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 61

False

Question 62

what does DNA ligase do

Answer 62

connects the fragments of the lagging strand