hbod1cvskm Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
three types of muscle
A
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
2
Q
2 categories of skeletal
A
axial and appendicular
3
Q
axial muscles include
A
muscles along the midline
4
Q
t/f all axial muscles are voluntary
A
false, only the diaphragm is involuntary
5
Q
skeletal muscles contraction causes
A
movement of limbs
6
Q
origin vs insertion
A
origin doesn’t move, insertion does
7
Q
innervation of skeletal muscle is by
A
somatic muscle neurons
8
Q
cardiac muscle name and location
A
myocardium, walls of heart
9
Q
cardiac muscle contraction causes
A
atrium and ventricle size to decrease, increase of pressure, valves to open/close
10
Q
cardiac muscle innervated by
A
ANS has an influence on activity
11
Q
t/f cardiac muscle is involuntary
A
true, brain responds to needs(CO2 and O2)
12
Q
smooth muscle is found in what five locations
A
GI tract, Respiratory tract, Urinary tract, Eyes(lenses), and blood vessels(not lymph)
13
Q
Parasympathetic group of the ANS does what
A
rest and digest, heart rate lowered
14
Q
Sympathetic group of the ANS does what
A
fight or flight, heart rate increase, blood flow to GI decreases
15
Q
intrinsic heart rate is
A
100 bpm
16
Q
what are the three groups of motor neurons
A
somatic motor neurons, ANS, enteric
17
Q
which of the three groups of motor type of motor neuron does not rely on the brain
A
Enteric motor neuron
18
Q
embryonic cell development
A
myoblast, myotube, myocyte
19
Q
muscle structure superficial to deep
A
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
20
Q
epimysium function
A
covers entire muscle group
21
Q
perimysium
A
forms fascicles, collections of skeletal muscle cells
22
Q
endomysium
A
surrounds individual sk muscle cells
23
Q
inter vs intramuscular fat
A
intra is within epimysium
24
Q
buildup of intramuscular fat can lead to
A
metabolic diseases, T2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, High Blood pressure
25
feeder arteries split into arterioles or capillaries
arterioles
26
arterioles or capillaries enter fascicles
arterioles
27
t/f capillaries feed individual muscle cells
trie
28
two types of sensory neurons and their functions
nociceptors-pain. proprioceptors-self
29
how do motor neurons innervate muscles
action potentials reach axon terminals, innervate muscle cells and they contract around central muscle cell
30
sarcolema
cell membrane
31
sarcolema is deep to what
endomysium
32
why are muscle cells multinucleated
fusion of myoblasts
33
interior of skeletal muscle cells(superficial from sarcoma to deep)
sarcoplasm, reticular mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril
34
reticular mitochondria provide what
ATP to sarcoplasmic reticulum
35
sarcoplasmic reticulum provides and stores what
Calcium(Ca+2) to the myofibrils
36
The myofibril holds what within it
1 myosin: 6 actin
37
glycogen function
glucose
38
myoglobin function
protein that stores and binds O2(using Fe)
39
capillaries are found where ?
endomysium
40
sarcomere function
true contractile unit
41
structural proteins
titan and nebulin
42
titan function
stabilize myosin
43
nebulin
prevents actin from overreaching
44
is sarcomalemma deep or superficial to sarcoplasm
superficial
45
name two contractile proteins and their ratio
1 myosin, 6 actin
46
actin or myosin is stable
myosin
47
actin or myosin is thicker
myosin
48
actin or myosin is thinner
actin
49
actin moves the _ line
Z
50
the protein that forms the M line and stabilizes myosin is
myomesin
51
What forms the I band?
actin only(and Z band)
52
What forms the A band?
length of myosin(no change)
53
What forms the H zone
Myosin no actin(decreases during contraction)
54
cumulative work of sarcomere
muscle tension(force)
55
where is muscle tension applied on the bone?
enthesis
56
concentric vs eccentric
concentric - joint angle decreases
eccentric - joint angle increased
57
yielding vs overcoming
yielding - holds against force that would cause it to lengthen if it wasn't holding steady
overcoming - maximum tension against immovable object
58
what does a motor unit consist of?
a single motor neuron, all the skeletal muscle and fibers(cells) it creates
59
large motor units are for _
power, many sk muscle cells contract at same time
60
small motor units are for
precision, few skeleton muscle cells
61
neurons are classified by
polarity
62
where are neurons soma located?
grey H of ventral horn
63
what neurontransmitter is released to effectors?
Ach-acetocholine
64
What kind of glial cells surround in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells myelinate
65
Heart is divided into how many sections, and why
2-R/L-to perform the double pump. R is thin walled and holds deox blood, L is thick walled and holds ox blood
66
After receiving blood from the body or lungs, and before blood goes to the lungs/body, what happens to the blood/chambers
pressurized
67
Types of cells of the heart superficial to deep
epicardium, pericardium, endocardium
68
which type of heart cells is a single layer of mesothelial cells
epicardium
69
cardiac myocytes form which layer of heart
pericardium
70
endothelial cells are found in which cell layer of the heart
endocardium
71
endocardium cells serve what function
decrease turbulence, resistance
72
where are ANS neurons and vessels found in the heart
myocardium
73
t/f blood is a type of CT
true
74
what forms the Extracellular matrix of the blood(ECM)
plasma
75
what formed elements are found in what amount of blood
cells ~5L
76
blood function to distribute
glucose, ions, amino acids, water, O2, heat, cell waste CO2, lactate, hydrogen
77
where are hormones carried?
plasma
78
proteins and lipids hormones are carried in the plasma, which one is easier to transport and why?
protein hormones because they are not as big and they are charged
79
erythrocytes or leukocytes are anucleated
Erythrocytes
80
erythrocytes or leukocytes don't have mitochondria
erythrocytes
81
WBC(leukocyte) function
immunity, produce antigens, identify pathogens
82
RBC(erythrocytes) shape and function
biconcave to increase SA, carry O2 by Hemoglobin
83
fragments of thrombocytes
platelets
84
t/f heart cells are obligate aerobic cells
T, they need O2
85
what is the distribution system for blood?
blood vessels(lumen and walls)
86
hierarchy of blood vessels(size)
arteries>arterioles>capillaries
87
capillaries are _ cells thick
1 cell thick
88
veins take blood where
to the heart
89
types of cells in blood vessels themselves
extrema, media, intima tunica
90
tunica extrema
made of CT, fibroblasts(make CT)
91
tunica media
smooth muscle cells innervated by ANS
92
tunica intima
single layer of endothelial cells
93
what vessels have trapdoor type structure
lymph
94
where do lymph vessels drain to
lymph nodes
95
functions of lymph vessels
surveillance of ECF
96
how are fats and vitamins absorbed in GI tract
lymph vessels
97
excess fluid in the blood is removed in what vessels
lymph vessels
98
edema
overcollection in capillary bed
99
what does lymph contain
lymphocytes, bacteria, cell debris, protein, fats, H20
100
how much blood in human body
~5L
101
two main circuits of blood
pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit
102
pulmonary circuit serves _ and function
lungs, reoxygenates blood
103
systemic circuit serves _ and function
rest of body, provide nutrients and waste removal to other cells
104
where does pulmonary circuit start and end?
starts at right ventricle, ends at left atrium
105
where does systemic circuit start and end?
left ventricle, ends at right atrium
106
what vein flows from GI to liver
hepatic portal vein
107
what artery leads to the liver
hepatic artery
108
mediastinum
heart location, idealized compartment exists in thoracic cavity
109
where does the transverse thoracic plane begin
where the trachea splits
110
middle mediastinum
holds heart
111
lateral boundary
pleural sac to pleural sac(surrounds lungs)
112
longitudinal boundary
thoracic inlet to diaphragm
113
cardiac skeleton
cartilage/fibrous ring of Annuli that supports valves
114
how much blood fills Right Ventricle passively vs actively(RA contraction)
passive-80%
active-20%
115
how much blood fills RV
~120mL
116
cortinae tendinae are attached to
valves and papillary muscles
117
papillary muscle function
contracts to prevent eversion of valve and regurgitation
118
papillary muscle function
tense cortinae tendinae during contraction to prevent eversion eversion of valve and regurgitation
119
trabiculae carne vs pectinae
trabiculae carne-endothelial cells in ventricles
pectinae-atrium
120
pressure in IVC
2-4mmHg
121
diastole
filling of ventricles
122
systole
contraction of ventricles and ejection of blood
123
pressure in aorta during diastole
80mmHg
124
pressure in aorta during systole
120mmHg
125
right and left auricle functions
hold extra blood
126
elastic tissue/cells in aorta help with...
recoil and maintaining pressure
127
pericardial cavity location
within the mediastinum
128
which surface of the serous pericardium touches epicardium(visceral or parietal)
visceral
129
pericardial fluid is found where and in what volume
in the pericardium and about 20-60mL
130
function of pericardial fluid
libricated surface of heart, allows it to beat freely
131
fibrous pericardium
outer tough layer of pericardial sac
132
t/f visceral layer of serous pericardium is the same as epicardium
true
133
What organs stabilize the myosin
titan and myomesin
134
During contraction of sarcomere which zones decrease in size?
H zone, I zone
135
Where are endothelial cells found?
Lining the inside of all blood vessels, within the myocardium due to its vascularization
136
What is found within the perimysium of a skeletal muscle
many skeletal muscle cells, endomysium, capillaries
137
Sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds what?
myofibrils
138
What inputs do muscle cells gain from blood?
oxygen, glucose, amino acids
139
what byproducts do muscle cells give up to the blood
heat, lactate, Hydrogen ions, CO2
140
When smooth muscle cells are stretched, what do they do
they contract
141
which type of muscle cells require direct innervation by a neuron to initiate contraction
skeletal muscle cells
142
t/f enteric nervous system is located in the CNS
false
143
Which section of the mediastinum does the heart reside in
middle mediastinum
144
what must happen for the aortic semilunar valve to open?
the left ventricle must contract with enough force to overcome the pressure in the aorta
145
