hbod2testLECTUREunfinished

Question 1

how are the three main jobs of the nervous system(sensory input, integration, motor output) differetiated?

Answer 1

type of neuron used, type of neurotransmitter, and location

Question 2

examples of effectors

Answer 2

smooth/skeletal/cardiac muscle, glands

Question 3

PNS is divided into

Answer 3

sensory and motor divisions

Question 4

exteroreceptors are found in sensory or motor division of the PNS

Answer 4

sensory

Question 5

interoreceptors are found in the sensory or motor division of the PNS

Answer 5

sensory division

Question 6

Interoreceptors include all the types of exteroreceptors and also three others

Answer 6

osmoreceptor, baroreceptors, proprioceptors(position)

Question 7

osmoreceptors

Answer 7

detect tonicity of fluids, found in hypothalamus

Question 8

CN3-12 are in the CNS or PNS

Answer 8

PNS

Question 9

baroreceptors

Answer 9

detect pressure/blood pressure, found in vessels

Question 10

proprioceptors

Answer 10

detect position, measure muscle stretch, or vestibular

Question 11

T/F photoreceptors are found in the brain

Answer 11

T

Question 12

what are the categories in the motor division of the PNS

Answer 12

somatic, autonomic, enteric

Question 13

what are the categories in the autonomic division of the motor division of the PNS

Answer 13

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 14

T/F somatic nerves are always voluntary

Answer 14

F, diaphragm and reflexes

Question 15

enteric division contains which or both sensory/motor

Answer 15

both

Question 16

if CNX is cut, what will happen to the heartbeat?

Answer 16

cardiac muscle will continue to beat, CNX just modulates Heart Rate

Question 17

input zone includes what parts of the neuron

Answer 17

dendritic tree, dendrites, soma.

Question 18

Dendrites can understand one or multiple types of inputs

Answer 18

one

Question 19

EPSP NT

Answer 19

GLU, ACh

Question 20

IPSP NT

Answer 20

GABA, ACh(cardiac muscle)

Question 21

the integrative zone is made up of the

Answer 21

only the hillock

Question 22

where is the highest concentration of voltage gated sodium channels?

Answer 22

hillock

Question 23

are neurons mitotic?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

The preganglionic portion is shorter in sympathetic or parasympathetic pathway

Answer 24

sympathetic

Question 25

sympathetic motor neurons innervate

Answer 25

eccrine sweat glands, cardiac muscle, blood vessels

Question 26

parasympathetic motor neurons innervate

Answer 26

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, salivary glands

Question 27

secondary sensory neuron somas are found

Answer 27

dorsal horn of the grey H, or in the cerebral cortex

Question 28

Sympathetic chain is divided into somatic and autonomic. Which of these is one chain and which is two chain?

Answer 28

Somatic is one chain, autonomic is two chain

Question 29

ganglion definition

Answer 29

collection of somas in the PNS

Question 30

GLU and ACh cause entrance of what molecule into the cell

Answer 30

Sodium

Question 31

GABA and ACh for cardiac muscles cause entrance of _ or exit of _

Answer 31

entrance of Cl- and exit of K+

Question 32

what is the axolemma

Answer 32

cell membrane of an axon

Question 33

Where can NT vesicles be found at any time in a neuron?

Answer 33

axon, axon terminal, presynaptic membrane

Question 34

how are electrical signals converted to chemical signals at the axon terminal?

Answer 34

action potential leads to neurotransmitter release

Question 35

where do the NT go after being released as a 'quantrum' at the synapse

Answer 35

receptors on the post synaptic membrane, or receptors on the effector

Question 36

how to NT get off the post synaptic membrane receptors or the effector receptors?

Answer 36

Same way it got on, diffusion

Question 37

how many NT reserve pools are there

Answer 37

3 pools

Question 38

NT vesicles are in reserve pools attached to actin until an action potential causes their release. What takes place during action potential for this to occur?

Answer 38

AP activates/opens voltage gated calcium channels(in pairs). This voltage gate is opened because of the bolus of Na+ that flows in changing the membrane potential

Question 39

During action potential, voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium flows in, this calcium binds to

Answer 39

calmodulin

Question 40

Calmodulin with 4Calciums changes shape and binds/activates to kinase which phosphorylates ___ causing the NTV to ___

Answer 40

synapsin causing the NTV to detach from actin

Question 41

NT vesicles move toward releasable pool with what vesicle associated membrane proteins(VAMPs)?

Answer 41

synapsin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin

Question 42

Of the VAMPs which protein binds Calcium, and how much Calcium?

Answer 42

synaptotagmin binds 2 Calciums

Question 43

At the presynaptic membrane, NT vesicles bind with which presynaptic membrane proteins?

Answer 43

SNAP-25 and syntaxin

Question 44

NT vesicles when fused with the membrane release how much of their total volume of NT before unbinding?

Answer 44

~10% of it

Question 45

what receptor on the post synaptic membrane binds ACh?

Answer 45

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binds 2 ACh

Question 46

After nicotinic acetylcholine receptors bind AChs, what occurs?

Answer 46

Na+ flows into the now open channel on the post synaptic membrane

Question 47

What causes ACh to unbind from nicotinic acetyl choline receptors? Wheere does ACh go?

Answer 47

Diffusion detaches ACh, acetyl choline sterase breaks down ACh into acetate and choline

Question 48

After acetyl choline sterase breaks down ACh into acetate and choline, acetate diffuses away, what happens to the choline?

Answer 48

The choline reenters the cell(by sodium dependent choline transporter(CHT)) using the sodium gradient. This pathway symports sodium and choline back into the cell

Question 49

How does acetyl choline transferase produce ACh?

Answer 49

combines choline(from CHT) and acetyl-CoA(produced in the mitochondria) to make ACh

Question 50

what creates the uneven ion distribution

Answer 50

structure of neurons membrane and ion pumps

Question 51

of the ions Na+ K+ Cl- and Ca2+, which has a greater concentration inside compared to outside?

Answer 51

Only K+

Question 52

K+ leak channels cause potassium to leak out. How is potassium loss prevented/combated?

Answer 52

Na+/K+ pumps, and the negative mV inside

Question 53

at rest, the membrane proteins in use are

Answer 53

Na/K pumps, K+ leak channels