hbod2test2LAB

Question 1

Nerves extending out of the brain are called _ nerves

Answer 1

cranial nerves

Question 2

Nerves extending out of the spinal cord are called _ nerves

Answer 2

spinal nerves

Question 3

Which cranial nerves are apart of the CNS?

Answer 3

CN1 and CN2

Question 4

By week 4, the neural tube forms which three primary brain vesicles?

Answer 4

the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain

Question 5

Where does the spinal cord originate from?

Answer 5

The end of the neural tube, not one of the primary brain vesicles

Question 6

Where do the ventricles originate from?

Answer 6

The central canal of the original neural tube

Question 7

Which adult brain structures come from the prosencephalon?

Answer 7

cerebrum(grey and white matter), thalamus, hypothalamus, retina, 1,2,3 ventricle

Question 8

Which adult brain structures come from mesencephalon?

Answer 8

Midbrain and central aqueduct

Question 9

Which adult brain structures originate from the rhomboncephalon?

Answer 9

brain stem(pons, medulla), cerebellum, 4th ventricle

Question 10

Identify Sulcus and Fissures

Answer 10

OK

Question 11

The spinal cord ends at the _ and extends out to form the _

Answer 11

Conus medullaris, cauda equina

Question 12

Spinal nerves contain axons of which type of neuron(s)?

Answer 12

Sensory and somatic motor neurons

Question 13

In the dorsal horn, what type of neuron terminates

Answer 13

Primary Sensory neuron

Question 14

The cell bodies(soma) of primary sensory neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglion. Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons found?

Answer 14

The ventral horn of the grey H

Question 15

In the brain, gray matter is on the outside and white matter on the inside, is the same true for spinal cord?

Answer 15

No, its the opposite

Question 16

Funiculus

Answer 16

White matter portions of the spinal cord(right, left, dorsal, ventral)

Question 17

Where are tracts located in the spinal cord?(grey or white)

Answer 17

Within the white matter, the funiculus

Question 18

Tracts with sensory axons are mixed or not mixed with motor axons?

Answer 18

Sensory and Motor are not mixed in tracts, unlike spinal nerves

Question 19

Ascending tracts conducting sensory impulses to the brain contain

Answer 19

sensory axons

Question 20

Descending tracts conducting motor impulses away from the brain contain

Answer 20

motor axons

Question 21

Spinal nerve is formed from the ‘connection point’ between

Answer 21

primary sensory neurons(in the dorsal root) and somatic motor neurons(in the ventral root)

Question 22

Neuron type in dorsal horn

Answer 22

Sensory and interneuron

Question 23

Neuron type in ventral horn

Answer 23

interneuron and motor

Question 24

neuron type found in dorsal root ganglion

Answer 24

sensory

Question 25

neuron fiber type in dorsal root?

Answer 25

sensory

Question 26

Neuron fiber type in ventral root

Answer 26

motor

Question 27

neuron fiber type in spinal nerve

Answer 27

both

Question 28

The circumference of the spinal cord enlarges to serve the extremities. Which regions does it enlarge?

Answer 28

Cervical and Lumbar

Question 29

Which cranial nerves do we need to know for the exam?

Answer 29

1,2,3,5,6,8

Question 30

The maters on the spinal cord from superficial to deep:

Answer 30

dura, arachnoid, pia

Question 31

General senses v special senses

Answer 31

Special senses require a special organ or tissue to house their receptors

Question 32

transduction converts stimuli into

Answer 32

(depolarizing events)action potentials

Question 33

The layers of the eye can be divided into three:

Answer 33

Outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, inner nervous layer

Question 34

The cornea and sclera are found in which layer of the eye

Answer 34

outer fibrous layer of the eye

Question 35

What is found in the middle vascular layer of the eye?

Answer 35

The Iris, ciliary body, and choroid

Question 36

The inner nervous layer of the eye contains the

Answer 36

retina

Question 37

Accommodation of the eye: long distance vision requires a round or flat lens?

Answer 37

flat

Question 38

Accommodation of the eye: when the lens is flat(far vision), are the ciliary body muscles relaxed or contracted? are the ligaments(zonular fibers, suspensory ligaments) tight or loose?

Answer 38

ciliary body relaxed; ligaments are tightened

Question 39

photoreceptors are divided into __

Answer 39

rods and cones

Question 40

How do photoreceptors signal to the brain?

Answer 40

transmit signals to bipolar cells, which transmit signals to ganglion cell axons which form the optic nerve

Question 41

The macula having a dense amount of photoreceptors is due to

Answer 41

the optic disc(where the optic nerve is) having no photoreceptors

Question 42

Precise muscles, controlled by a single motor neuron, controlling the movement of the eye are called _

Answer 42

extrinsic eye muscles

Question 43

Oculomotor cranial nerve 3 innervated all but which extrinsic eye muscles(2)

Answer 43

lateral rectus and superior oblique

Question 44

Function of the sclera

Answer 44

give support and structure to the eye, provides a sturdy anchoring site for extraocular eye muscles

Question 45

Function of the cornea

Answer 45

thin layer of epithelial cells, clear

Question 46

Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the size of the pupil

Answer 46

Oculomotor(CNIII)

Question 47

what dictates the tension on the lens?

Answer 47

parasympathetic neurons innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Question 48

Choroid function

Answer 48

provide nutrients and waste removal to all layers of the eye(sclera superficial, the retina deep), trap light and minimize reflections

Question 49

Which vascular part of the eye holds melanocytes and is heavily pigmented

Answer 49

The choroid

Question 50

Superficial/outer layer of retina function:

Answer 50

Retinal pigmented epithelium, single celled, absorbs light and prevents scattering, contains phagocytes to remove damaged photoreceptors

Question 51

Deep/inner layer of retina function

Answer 51

Transparent and contains photoreceptors

Question 52

The layers of the retina are apart of the PNS or CNS

Answer 52

CNS, because they develop from the neural tube

Question 53

'Blind spot' name

Answer 53

optic disc

Question 54

Look at visual projection pathway on pg 14 of lab 6 manual

Answer 54

Left visual fields are interpreted by the right brain, and right visual fields are interpreted by the left brain

Question 55

Visual Projection pathway:

Answer 55

optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, visual cortex of occipital lobe

Question 56

lesion in right optic nerve would result in loss of vision from

Answer 56

right eye

Question 57

lesion in left optic tract only would cause vision loss in

Answer 57

all right field of vision

Question 58

lesion in optic chiasm would cause loss of vision in

Answer 58

outer visual fields. Optic chiasm is only where the tracts cross

Question 59

lesion in right occipital lobe would cause loss of vision in

Answer 59

left visual field

Question 60

How is the right optic nerve different from the right optic tract

Answer 60

right optic nerve comes from right eye, right optic tract is the neurons that get input from right sides of both eyes

Question 61

How do Traumatic Brain Injuries affect the retina

Answer 61

can cause retinal detachment causing fluid to leak under the retina

Question 62

Why can retinal detachment lead to death of photoreceptors?

Answer 62

loss of oxygen and nutrient supply from vasculature in the choroid

Question 63

how are endo/exocytosis active transport mechanisms?

Answer 63

They use proteins(vesicles and attached proteins)

Question 64

Clathrin is used in endo or exocytosis?

Answer 64

Endocytosis, helps to form vesicles

Question 65

endo? exo? phago? pino? cytosis

Answer 65

endo: enter cell. exo: exit cell. phago: cell ingests/digests pino: drinking up fluid or dissolved materials

Question 66

what are examples of proteins excreted for cell and tissue function?

Answer 66

amino acids and hormones

Question 67

clathrin is in the ECF, within the membrane, or in the ICF

Answer 67

ICF, works with actin and motor proteins. Actin will self assemble and motor proteins will cut off the vesicle

Question 68

BoNT(Botolinum toxin) cleaves which protein(s)?

Answer 68

synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP25

Question 69

uniporter

Answer 69

passive transport of one item

Question 70

symporter

Answer 70

transport two items(second item provides needed energy from its concentration gradient)

Question 71

antiporter

Answer 71

transports two items in opposite direction, one item along its gradient using that energy to carry another against its gradient

Question 72

how does lidocaine work as a local anesthetic

Answer 72

blocks Na+ channels from the cytoplasmic side

Question 73

how does general anesthetic work in comparison to local?

Answer 73

anesthetic integrates into the lipid bilayer putting pressure on the membrane proteins(closing them for moving molecules)

Question 74

default shape of the lense(zonular fibers are tight, ciliary fibers relaxed)(this is the shape when we dissected it)

Answer 74

round

Question 75

lens is anterior or posterior to the aqueous humor

Answer 75

posterior

Question 76

The optic nerve would have traveled in a posterior direction to the optic chiasm where it would have then become an optic ___

Answer 76

tract

Question 77

when we cut into the eye, and a speckled fluid spilled out, what was this

Answer 77

aqueous humor

Question 78

how does ptosis(drooping eyelid) occur

Answer 78

when the muscles responsible for raising the eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris) are inhibited

Question 79

levator palpebrae superioris attaches to where

Answer 79

the eyelid, not the sclera

Question 80

movement of vesicles in the axon terminal requires

Answer 80

ATP, cytoskeleton filaments like actin, and motor proteins like myosin

Question 81

thermoreceptors are found in the brain T/F

Answer 81

true

Question 82

thermoreceptors are found in the liver T/F

Answer 82

true

Question 83

thermoreceptors are found in muscle T/F

Answer 83

true

Question 84

nociceptors are found in the brain T/F

Answer 84

false