HD anatomy Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
What forms the pelvic brim?
A
Pubic symphysis
Pectineal line of superior pubic ramus
Arcuate line of ilium
Sacral promonotory
2
Q
Border of greater sciatic foramen
A
Superior = anterior sacroiliac joint Anterolaterally = greater sciatic notch Posteromedially = sacrotuberous ligament Inferior = sacrospinous ligament
3
Q
What passes through the greater sciatic foramen?
A
Above piriformis
- superior gluteal vessels + nerve
Below piriformis
- sciatic nerve
- inferior gluteal vessels + nerve
- pudendal nerve
- internal pudendal vessels
- posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
4
Q
Borders of the lesser sciatic foramen
A
Anterior = ischial tuberosoty Superior = sacrospinous ligament Posterior = sacrotuberous ligament
5
Q
What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
A
Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal vessels
Obturator internus
6
Q
What passes through the obturator foramen?
A
Obturator artery, vein, nerve
7
Q
Superior gluteal nerve
A
L4-S1
Gluteus medius and minimus
8
Q
Inferior gluteal nerve
A
L5-S2
Gluteus maximus
9
Q
Sciatic nerve
A
L4-S3
10
Q
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
A
S1-3
Sensation to posterior thigh and leg and some of the perineum
11
Q
Pudendal nerve
A
S2-4 Skeletal muscles of the perineum External sphincters Levator ani + coccygeus Sensation to most of the perineum
12
Q
Blood supply to the rectum
A
Superior = IMA Middle = IIA Inferior = pudendal
13
Q
Venous drainage of the rectum
A
Superior –> HPV
Middle –> IVC
Inferior –> IVC
14
Q
Posterior division of internal iliac
A
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal
15
Q
Anterior division of internal iliac
A
Umbilical Obturator Inferior vesical Uterine --> vaginal Middle rectal Internal pudendal
16
Q
Ovarian artery
A
From abdominal aorta
At L2
Crosses external iliac at pelvic brim
Enters suspensory ligament
17
Q
Parts of the fallopian tube
A
Fimbrae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
18
Q
Supports of the uterus
A
Anterior = pubocervical ligament Lateral = transverse cardinal ligament Posterior = uterosacral ligament
19
Q
Lymphatic drainage of the female pelvic organs
A
Main pelvic viscera –> internal iliac nodes –> lumbar trunks
Ovaries and fallopian tubes –> lateral aortic nodes
20
Q
What attaches to the perineal body in females?
A
External anal sphincter Bulbospongiosus Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles Anterior fibres of levator ani External urinary sphincter
21
Q
Spinal anaesthesia
A
Agent injected into CSF at the L3/4 level
Complete anesthesia from the waist down
22
Q
Caudal epidural block
A
Catheter allowing anaesthetic to be applied to S2-4 nerve roots
Cervix, vagina, birth canal, pelvic floor and perineum anaesthetised
Lower limbs and uterine body not anaesthetised
23
Q
Pudendal nerve block
A
Agent injected around the peripheral nerve
Only inferior vagina and perineum anaesthetised
24
Q
Layers of the spermatic cord
A
Internal spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle and its fascia
External spermatic fascia
25
Contents of the spermatic cord
```
Vas deferens + artery
Testicular artery + vein
Cremasteric artery + vein
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Sympathetic and visceral afferents
Lymphatics
```
26
Borders of the inguinal triangle
Inguinal ligament
Inferior epigastric vessels
Lateral border of rectus abdominus
27
Which side does varicocele occur on?
Left side
28
What is the main blood supply to the vas deferens?
Superior vesical artery
29
Alpha blocker
Tamsulosin
30
5a reductase inhibitor
Finasteride
31
Muscles of the scrotum
Both supples by genital branch of GF nerve (L1-2)
Dartos
- temperature regulation
- corrugated appearance
- smooth muscle
Cremaster
- skeletal muscle
- between the internal and external spermatic fascia
- arises from the internal oblique musculature
- involved in temperature regulation
32
What innervates the skin of the scrotum?
Genital branch of GF nerve (L1-2)
Anterior scrotal nerves from ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
Posterior scrotal nerves from perineal nerve from the pudendal nerve (S2-4)
Perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaenous nerve (S1-3)
33
Arteries of the penis
Dorsal artery of the penis
Deep arteries of the penis
Bulbourethral artery
34
3 branches of the pudendal nerve
```
Inferior rectal
- sensation to anal triangle
- motor to levator ani and external anal sphincter
Perineal
- sensation to urogenital triangle
- motor to muscles of the deep and superficial perineal pouches
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
- sensation to glans penis or clitoris
```
35
What innervates the internal anal sphincter?
Contraction stimulated by sympathetic fibres in the superior rectal and hypogastric plexuses
Contraction inhibited by parasympathetic innervation
36
What innervates the external anal sphincter?
Inferior rectal nerve
| From pudendal nerve
37
When does the anterior neuropore close?
Day 25
38
When does the posterior neuropore close?
Day 27
39
What happens if the anterior neuropore fails to close?
```
Anencephaly = baby is born without parts of the brain and skull
Encephalopcele = herniation of brain and meminges outside the skull
```
40
How can anencephaly be detected?
Ultrasound
| Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein will be raised
41
What happens if the posterior neuropore fails to close?
Spina bfida occulta = mild form where there is a small hair tuft or birth mark
Spina bfida cystica
- meningocele = sac contains meninges and CSF
- myelomeningocele = sac contains meninges, CSF and nerves and spinal cord
42
What vitamin reduces rates of neural tube defects?
Folic acid
43
What is formed by pharyngeal arch 1?
Muscles of mastication
Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, temporal, palatine, vomer
Malleus incus
44
What is formed by pharyngeal arch 2?
Muscles of facial expression
Styloid process
Lesser horn of hyoid
Stapes
45
What is formed by pharyngeal arch 3?
Stylopharyngeus
| Greater horn of hyoid
46
What is formed by pharyngeal arch 4?
Muscles of the soft palate
Muscles of the pharynx
Cricothyorid
Laryngeal cartilage
47
What is formed by pharyngeal arch 5?
Laryngeal muscles
Upper oesophageal muscle
Laryngeal cartilage
48
What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 1?
Lining of the auditory tube and inner ear
49
What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 2?
Palatine tonsil
50
What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 3?
Inferior parathyroid gland
| Thymus
51
What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 4?
Superior parathyroid gland
52
What is formed by pharyngeal membrane 1?
Tympanic membrane
53
What forms the thyroid gland?
Endodermal lining of the primitive foregut
54
Sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
```
Somatic = V3 lingual nerve
Taste = chorda tympani of CN VII
```
55
Sensation to posterior 1/3 of the tongue
CN IX
56
Which arches form the tongue
Anterior 2/3 = 1
| Posterior 1/3 = 2-4
57
What forms the intermaxillary segment and what does it form?
Medial nasal prominence
Maxillary prominence
Forms the philtrum of the lip, palate and upper 4 incisors
58
How is the nasolacrimal duct formed?
By the fusion of the lateral nasal prominece and the maxillary prominence
59
What causes a cleft lip?
Failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
60
What causes an anterior cleft palate?
Failure of the palatine shelves to fuse with the primary palate
61
What causes a posterior cleft palate?
Failure of the palatine shelves to fuse with each other
62
What causes a bifid nose?
Failure of the medial nasal prominences to fuse with each other
63
What causes an oblique cleft?
Failure of the lateral nasal and maxillary prominences to fuse
64
What does the heart start to beat?
Day 22
65
What does the truncus arteriosus form?
Outflow tract
66
What does the bulbis cordis form?
Smooth parts of the ventricles
67
What does the primitive ventricle form?
Trabeculated ventricles
68
What does the primitive atria form?
Trabeculated atria
69
What does the sinus venosus form?
Coronary sinus and smooth atria
70
What does the ureteric bud give rise to?
Ureters, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts
71
What does the metanephric mesoderm give rise to?
DCT, loop of Henle, PCT, Bowman's capsule
72
What is the difference between omphalocele and gastrochisis?
```
Omphalocele/exomphalos = gut contents herniate into umbilicus so are inside a sac of peritoneum
Gastrochisis = herniation of bowel through a weakness in the anterior abdominal wall with no covering of gut contents
```
73
What level does the common iliac artery bifurcate?
L5/S1
74
Which arteries from the internal iliac exit the pelvis?
Superior and inferior gluteal
| Internal pudendal
75
What is left of the umbilical artery?
Superior vesical arteries
| Supplies the superior bladder
76
What does the inferior vesical artery supply?
Only in males
Inferior bladder
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
77
What does the vaginal artery supply?
Vagina
Inferior bladder
Some of the rectum
78
GVAs in the lower body
Thorax and abdomen = sympathetic via T5-L2
| Pelvic = parasympathetic via S2-4
79
Where is the pelvic pain line?
Most of the uterus and top of the bladder --> abdomen
| Base of the uterus, cervix, vagina, most of the bladder and urethra --> pelvic
80
Lymphatic drainage of the female pelvis
Uterus --> internal iliac
Ovary --> para-aortic
Vulva --> superficial inguinal nodes (horizontal nodes)
