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Head Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries

A

Right common carotid - bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid - direct branch from the arch of the aorta

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2
Q

How do the common carotids ascend and what branches do they give off in the neck

A

Ascends lateral to the trachea and the oesophagus
No branches given off in the neck

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3
Q

At what level do the carotids bifurcate and within which structure

A

At the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage (C4)
Branch within the carotid triangle

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4
Q

What is found within the common carotid vessels at the point of bifurcation

A

Carotid sinus
Function - detecting and regulating BP

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5
Q

In summary - what does the external carotid artery supply

A

Areas of the head and neck external to the cranium

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6
Q

What are the 6 branches given off from the external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery

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7
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery

A

Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery

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8
Q

What are considered the major branches of the external carotid artery

A

Facial
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

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9
Q

Which branches of the external carotid artery supply the scalp

A

Posterior auricular
Occipital
Superficial temporal

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10
Q

The middle meningeal arteyr is a branch of which artery

A

Maxillary artery
(origin external carotid artery)

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11
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium

A

via the carotid canal in the petrous temporal bone

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12
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise for and at what level

A

From the subclavian artery
Medial to the anterior scalene

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13
Q

The vertebral arteries combine to form which major arteries

A

Basilar artery

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14
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk

A

Inferior thyroid artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery

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15
Q

The thryocervical trunk is a branch of which artery

A

Subclavian

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16
Q

The ascending cervical artery arises from what vessels

A

Inferior thyroid artery

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17
Q

What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the venous drainage of the head and neck

A

Venous drainage of the brain and meninges
Venous drainage of the scalp and face
Venous drainage of the neck

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18
Q

Describe in summary the venous drainage of the scalp and face

A

Drained by veins synonymous with the arteries of the face and scalp which empty into the internal and external jugular veins

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19
Q

Describe in summary the venous drainage of the neck

A

Carried out by anterior jugular veins

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20
Q

What forms the external jugular vein

A

Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein

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21
Q

Where does the external jugular vein form

A

Immediately posterior to the angle of the mandible
Inferior to the outer ear

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22
Q

Where does the external jugular vein terminate

A

Beneath the clavicle by draining into the subclavian vein

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23
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin and as a continuation of what structure

A

In the cranial cavity
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus

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24
Q

Where in the neck does the internal jugular vein travel

A

Within the carotid sheath
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Lateral to the common carotid artery

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25
Where does the internal jugular vein terminate
At the base of the neck, posteriorly to the sternal end of the clavicle by combining with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
26
Which veins drain into the external jugular vein
Posterior external jugular Transverse cervical Suprascapular veins
27
Which veins drain into the internal jugular vein
Facial Lingual Occipital Superior and middle thyroid
28
What is found within the cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery Abducens nerve (CN VI) Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
29
Where does the left jugular lymphatic trunk drain into
The left subclavian vein After it has combined with the thoracic duct
30
Where does the right jugular lymphatic trunk drain into
Right subclavian vein (before this it forms the right lymphatic duct at the root of the neck)
31
What are the superficial lymph node groups of the head
Occipital Mastoid Pre-auricular Parotid Submental Submandibular Facial Superficial cervical
32
Where are the deep cervical LN found
Within the carotid sheath
33
What is Virchow's node and what is its clinical significance
Left supraclavicular lymph node Receives lymph drainage from the abdominal cavity - an enlarged virchows node is Trosier's sign - suggestive of gastric cancer
34
What is Trosier's sign
Enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node
35
What forms the TMJ
The articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium
36
What is unique about the TMJ
The articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc and so are never in contact with each other
37
What ligaments support the TMJ
Lateral ligament Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament
38
What movements are facilitated by the TMJ
Protrusion and retraction Elevation and retraction
39
What is the neuromuscular supply of the TMJ
Arterial supply - superficial temporal branch of the external carotid Innervated by - auriculotemporal and massteric branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
40
The concha of the auricle of the ear continues into the skull as which structure
External acoustic meatus
41
What is an auricular haematoma
A collection of blood between the cartilage of the ear and the overlying perichondrium
42
What makes up the walls of the external acoustic meatus
External 1/3 - cartilage Internal 2/3 - temporal bone
43
The handle of malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane at what point
The umbo
44
The external ear is supplied by branches of which artery (+ name them)
External carotid artery Posterior auricular artery Superficial temporal artery Occipital artery Maxillary artery
45
What is the innervation to the external ear
Greater auricular nerve Lesser occipital nerve Auriculotemporal nerve Branches of the facial and vagus nerve
46
What are the 2 part of the middle ear
Tympanic cavity Epitympanic recess
47
What are the bones of the middle ear
The auditory ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes
48
Which auditory ossicle attaches to the tympanic membrane
The malleus via the handle of the malleus
49
What are the mastoid air cells
A collection of air-filled spaces in the mastoid process of the temporal bone located posterior to epitympanic recess.
50
What are the 2 muscles of the inner ear
Tensor tympani Stapedius
51
What is the innervation of tensor tympani
Nerve to tensor tympanic (branch of the mandibular nerve)
52
What is the innervation of stapedius
Facial nerve
53
What are the 2 components of the inner ear
Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrinth
54
What are the components of the bony labryinth
Cochlea Vestibule Semi-circular canals
55
in which part of the ear is peirlymph found and in which part is endolymph found
Perilymph - bony labyrinth Endolymph - membranous labryinth
56
What are the components of the membranous labyrinth
Cochlear duct, semi-circular ducts, utricle and the saccule
57
What is the blood supply to the bony labyrinth
Anterior tympanic branch of maxillary artery Petrosal branch of the mandibular artery Stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery
58
What is the blood supply of the membranous labyrinth
Labryinthe artery - divides into 3 branches - cochlear branch and x2 vestibular branches
59
What is the origin of the labryinthe artery
Inferior cerebellar artery
60
Where does the eustachian tube connect
The tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx
61
From which pharyngeal pouch does the Eustachian tube originate from
First
62
Which artery is closely related to the Eustachian tube
Internal carotid artery
63
Which 4 muscles act on the Eustachian tube
Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Salpingopharyngeus Tensor tympani
64
Which of the muscles which act on the Eustachian tube are innervated by the mandibular nerve
Tensor veli palatini Tensory tympanic
65
Which of the muscle which act on the Eustachian tube are innervated by the vagus nerve
Levator veli palatini Salpingopharyngeus
66
What is the main arterial supply and venous drainage of the Eustachian tube
Maxillary artery Pterygoid venous plexus
67
Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eye movement
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique
68
Which extra ocular muscles are responsible for eyelid movement
Levator palpebrae superioris
69
What is the innervation of Levator palpebrae superioris
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
70
Which extra ocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Levator palpebrae superioris Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique
71
Which extra ocular rectus muscle is not innervates by the oculomotor nerve and what innervates innervates it
Lateral rectus Abducens nerve (CN VI)
72
What is the function of superior rectus muscle
Elevation of eyeball
73
What is the function of inferior rectus muscle
Depression of eyeball
74
What is the function of lateral rectus muscle
Abducts eyeball
75
What is the function of medial rectus muscle
Adducts eyeball
76
What is the action of the superior oblique muscle and what is its innervation
Depresses, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
77
What is the action of inferior oblique muscle and what is its innervation
Elevates, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
78
Describe the clinical features of an oculomotor nerve palsy
'Down and out eye' The affected eye is displaced laterally by the lateral rectus and inferiorly by the superior oblique
79
Describe the clinical features of a trochlear nerve palsy
Diploplia and head tilt
80
Describe the clinical features of an abducens nerve palsy
Resting eye is adducted
81
What are the clinical features of Horner's syndrome
Partial ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) – Due to denervation of the superior tarsal muscle. Miosis (pupillary constriction) – Due to denervation of the dilator pupillae muscle. Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) on the ipsilateral side of the face – Due to denervation of the sweat glands.
82
Which part of the eyeball do the extra-ocular muscles attach to
Sclera
83
What are the fibrous components of the eye
Scelera Cornea
84
What are the vascular components of the eye
Choroid Ciliary body Iris
85
The shape of the lens is altered by which structure
Ciliary body
86
What is the arterial supply of the eyeball
Ophthalmic artery
87
What is the venous drainage of the eyeball
Superior and inferior opthalmic veins
88
What is the most important branch of the opthalmic artery
Central artery of the retina
89
What are the layers of the eyelid
Skin and subcutaneous tissue Orbicularis oculi Tarsal plates Levator apparatus Conjunctiva
90
What are Meibomian glands
Also known as tarsal glands Glands that lie in the tarsal plate and secrete an oily substance onto the eyeball to keep tears
91
Which muscles open the eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris and superior tarsal muscles
92
What is the blood supply to the eyelids
Opthalmic artery Facial artery Superficial temporal artery
93
What is the innervation to the eyelids
Upper eyelid - Opthalmic nerve (CN V1) Lower eyelid - maxillary nerve (CN V2)
94
What is the innervation to the lacrimal gland
Opthalmic nerve PSNS - pterygopalatine ganglion, responsible for tear secretion
95
What is Dacryoadenitis
Inflammation of the lacrimal glands
96
What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity
Vestibule Respiratory region Olfactory region
97
Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess found
Superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
98
Which structure open up into the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses Nasolacrimal duct Eustachian tube
99
what is the incisive canal
Pathway between the nasal cavity and the incisive fossa of the cranial cavity Transmits nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery
100
What is Kiesselbach area
An area in the anterior third of the nose - area of rich anastomosis therefore the site of nosebleeds
101
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Sphenoid sinus
102
How many ethmoidal sinuses are there
3 paired sinuses Anterior, middle, posterior
103
Which is the largest paranasal sinus
Maxillary sinus

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