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Head 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the parotid gland into deep and superficial lobes

A

Facial nerve

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2
Q

The secretions from the parotid gland are transported to the oral cavity by which structure
And where does it open out

A

Stensen duct
Near the second upper molar

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3
Q

Which muscle is pierced by the stensen duct

A

Buccinator (Stenson duct = parotid duct)

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4
Q

Which structures pass through the parotid gland

A

Facial nerve
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein

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5
Q

In which gland does the facial nerve branch and into which branches

A

Within the parotid gland
Branches into - Temporal branch, zygomatic branch, buccal branch, marginal mandibular branch and cervical branches

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6
Q

What is the blood supply of the parotid glands

A

Posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries (branches of external carotid within the gland)

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7
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland

A

Retromandibular vein

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8
Q

What forms the retromandibular veins

A

Superficial temporal and maxillary veins

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9
Q

through which pathway is the parotid gland stimulated to form saliva

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
to otic ganglion
PSNS fibres travel with auriculotermporal nerve to gland

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10
Q

Where are the sublingual glands found

A

In the sublingual fossa on the floor of the mouth

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11
Q

What is the PSNS innervation of the sublingual glands

A

Originates in the superior salivary nucleus
through pre-synaptic fibres in the chorda tympani

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the sublingual gland

A

Sublingual and submental arteries

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13
Q

Describe the 2 arms of the submandibular glands

A

Superficial arm - larger part of the gland
Deep arm - hooks around the posterior margin of mylohyoid

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14
Q

What duct transmits secretions from the submandibular gland to the oral cavity

A

Wharton’s duct

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15
Q

Which nerves are closely related to the submandibular gland

A

Lingual nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve (marginal mandibular branch)

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16
Q

What is the blood supply to the submandibular gland

A

Arterial supply - submental artery
Venous drainage - facial vein, sublingual vein

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17
Q

Which salivary duct is most at risk of developing a calculi

A

Submandibular

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18
Q

What is the vestibule of the oral cavity

A

It is the space between the lips/cheeks, and the gums/teeth

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19
Q

What forms the floor of the oral cavity

A

Muscular diaphragm - formed by the bilateral mylohyoid muscles
Geniohyoid muscles
Tongue
Salivary ducts

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20
Q

Which nerves are involved in the gag reflex

A

Afferent nerve - glossopharyngeal
Efferent nerve - vagus

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21
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve fibres to the head and neck originate

A

T1-T6

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22
Q

What are the 3 ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

A

Superior cervical ganglion
Middle cervical ganglion
Inferior cervical ganglion

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23
Q

What originates from the superior cervical ganglion

A

Internal carotid nerve
External carotid nerve
Nerve to pharyngeal plexus
Superior cardiac branch
Nerves to CN II III IV VI and IX
Gray rami communiantes

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24
Q

What originates from the middle cervical ganglion

A

Grey rami communicates
Thyroid branches
Middle cardiac branch

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25
What originates from the inferior cervical ganglion
Grey rami communicates Branches to subclavian and vertebral arteries Inferior cardiac nerve
26
Which organs are innervated from branches of the superior cervical ganglion
Eyeball Face Nasal glands Pharynx Glands of the palate and nasal cavity Salivatory glands Lacrimal glands Sweat glands Pineal gland Dilator pupillae Superior tarsal muscle Carotid body Heart Arterial smooth muscle
27
Which organs are innervated from branches of the middle cervical ganglion
Larynx Trachea Pharynx Upper oesophagus Heart Arterial smooth muscle
28
Which organs are innervated from branches of the inferior cervical ganglion
Heart Arterial smooth muscle
29
What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia located in the head
the ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion
30
The ciliary ganglion is supplied by fibres from which brainstem nucleus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
31
What does the efferent fibres from the ciliary ganglion innervate
Sphincter pupillae Ciliary muscles
32
The pretygopalatine ganglion is supplied by fibres from which brainstem nucleus
Superior Salivatory nucleus
33
What are the target organs of the pterygopalatine ganglion
secretomotor innervation to lacrimal gland, mucous glands of posterosuperior nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and the palate.
34
The submandibular ganglion supplies which gland
Sublingual Submandibular
35
Which Salivatory nucleus is the submandibular ganglion associated with
Superior
36
Which salivatory nucleus is the otic ganglion associated with
Inferior
37
What is the target organ of the otic ganglion
Parotid gland
38
Which nuclei are associated with the trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic nucleus Principle sensory nucleus Spinal nucleus Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
39
Where is the trigeminal ganglion found
Lateral to the cavernous sinus In Meckel's cave (depression of the temporal bone)
40
What are the 3 main branches of the opthalmic nerve
Frontal nerve Lacrimal nerve Nasociliary nerve
41
What are the branches of the frontal branch of the opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Supraorbital Supratrochlear
42
What are the branches of the nasociliary branch of the opthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Anterior ethmoid nerve Posterior ethmoid nerve Infratrochlear nerve Long ciliary nerve
43
With which branch of the opthalmic nerve are sympathetic fibres found
Nasociliary nerve (long ciliary)
44
With which branch of the opthalmic nerve are parasympathetic fibres found
Lacrimal nerve
45
From which pharyngeal arch does the trigeminal nerve originate
First
46
What are the sensory branches of the maxillary nerve
Superior alveolar nerve (anterior, posterior and middle) Middle meningeal nerve Infraorbital nerve Zygomatic nerve Inferior palpebral nerve Superior labial nerve Pharyngeal nerve Greater and lesser palatine nerves Nasopalatine nerve
47
What is the sensory function of the maxillary nerve
Lower eyelid and its conjunctiva Inferior posterior portion of the nasal cavity (superior anterior is CNV1) Cheeks and maxillary sinus Lateral nose Upper lip, teeth and gingiva Superior palate
48
What are the 4 branches of the maxillary nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve Buccal nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Lingual nerve
49
Which branch of the maxillary nerve acts a conduit for special sensory fibres of the chorda tympani
Lingual nerve
50
Which muscles does the mandibular nerve innervate
Masseter Medial and lateral pterygoids Temporalis Tensor Veli Palatini Tensor tympani Anterior belly of digastric Mylohyoid
51
The mental nerve arises from which nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN V3)
52
What is a chalazion
Painless granuloma of the miebomian glands
53
How many permenant teeth do we have
32 16 in each arch
54
What are the 4 different types of teeth and how many of each do we have
incisors, canine, premolars, molars In each quadrant 2 x incisors 1 x canine 2 x premolars 3 x molars
55
Which type of tooth is only present in permenant dentition
Premolar
56
What are the 3 foramina in the hard palate
Incisive canal Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramen
57
What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate
Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeus Musculus uvulae
58
The muscles of the soft palate are innervated by which nerve Apart from which muscle and what innervates this
Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve Tensor veli palatini - innervated by medial pterygoid (CN V3)
59
What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse and vertical muscles of the tongue.
60
What is the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
61
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus
62
All extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) apart from which and what innervates it
Palatoglossus Innervated by the vagus nerve
63
Describe the taste sensation supply of the tongue
Anterior 2/3 - Chorda tympani - branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) Posterior 1/3 - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
64
What is the somatic sensory supply of the tongue
Anterior 2/3 - Lingual nerve - branch of V3 (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve) Posterior 1/3 - glossopharyngeal nerve
65
What is the blood supply of the tongue
Lingual artery - main supply Tonsillar artery - branch of the facial artery
66
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Anterior 2/3 - Submental and submandibular nodes which empty into the deep cervical nodes Posterior 1/3 - Directly into deep cervical nodes
67
What is the nerve supply of the muscles of facial expression
Facial nerve (CN VII)
68
The temporal branch of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles
Temporalis Obicularis oculi Corrugator supercilli
69
The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles
Obicularis oculi
70
The buccal branch of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles
Obicularis Oris Buccinator Zygomaticus
71
The marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve supplies which facial muscles
Mentalis Depressor labi inferioris Depressor anguli Oris
72
The cervical branches of the facial nerve supply which facial muscles
Platysma
73
What is the action of corrugator supercili
Draws eyebrows together- wrinkling of brow of frowning
74
What are the nasal muscles
Nasalis Procerus Depressor Septi Nasi
75
What are the muscles of mastication
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
76
From which pharyngeal arch do the muscles of mastication develop from
1st
77
What is the nervous innervation of the muscles of mastication
Trigeminal nerve
78
Which muscle lies superficial to pterygoids and temporalis muscles
Masseter
79
Which facial muscle can be harvested to perform a myringoplasty
Temporalis
80
What does the internal carotid artery branch into distal to the cavernous sinus
Opthalmic artery Posterior communicating artery Anterior choroidal artery Anterior cerebral artery
81
The middle cerebral artery is a continuation of which artery
Internal carotid artery
82
Which branches arise from the vertebral arteries within the cranial vault
Meningeal branch Anterior and posterior spinal arteries Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
83
What forms the basilar artery
The 2 vertebral arteries
84
What are the 3 main paired components of the circle of Willis
Anterior cerebral arteries Internal carotid arteries Posterior cerebral arteries
85
What are the communicating arteries in the circle of Willis
Anterior communicating artery Posterior communicating artery
86
What does the anterior communicating artery connect
The two anterior cerebral arteries
87
What does the posterior communicating artery connect
The internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery
88
What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord
Anterior spinal artery 2x posterior spinal artery
89
Which blood vessel reinforces circulation to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord
The greater anterior segmental artery of Adamkiewicz
90
How many venous sinuses are there in total
11
91
The straight sinus is a continuation of what
Great cerebral vein and the inferior sagittal sinus
92
What converges at the confluence of sinuses
Straight, superior and inferior sagittal sinus
93
What structures overlies the internal occipital protuberance
The confluence of sinuses
94
What is the great cerebral vein
The Vein of Galen Forms by the union of 2 of the deep veins and drains into the straight sinus
95
What is found within the cavernous sinus
Abducens nerve Carotid plexus Internal carotid artery
96
What is found within the wall of the cavernous sinus
Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Opthalmic nerve Maxillary nerve
97
Which veins drain into the cavernous sinus
Superior and inferior opthalmic veins Central vein of retina Sphenoparietal sinus Superficial middle cerebral vein Pterygoid plexus
98
What do the cavernous sinus drain into
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
99
What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
Foramen of Munro
100
What connects the third and fourth ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
101
What is the blood supply to the cerebellum
Superior cerebellar artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
102
Where is the pineal gland found
Between the two hemispheres, attached to a stalk by the posterior wall of the third ventricle
103
What is the anterior pituitary derived from
Rathke's pouch
104
What is the posterior pituitary derived from
Embryonic forebrain- in essence an extension of the hypothalamus
105
Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary
ADH Oxytocin
106
Describe the hypophyseal portal system
Superior hyophyseal artery supplies the anterior pituitary after forming a capillary network around the hypothalamus Allows the hypothalamus to communicate with the anterior pituitary
107
Which CN exicts between the peduncles of the midbrain
Oculomotor - CN III
108
What nerve is first affected in cerebellopontine angle syndrome
Vestibulocochlear - CN VIII
109
What are the ascending tracts
Dorsal column medial lemniscus Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar
110
Where does the DCML pathway crossover
Medulla
111
Where does the spinothalamic tracts cross over
Spinal cord
112
What are the descending tracts
Corticospinal Corticobulbar Vestibulobulbar Reticulospinal

MRCS (17 decks)

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