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Systems 2A Pathology > Head and Neck Pathology > Flashcards

Head and Neck Pathology Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Define otitis externa.

A
  • infection of the external ear canal which is usually bacterial, but may be fungal
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2
Q

List symptoms of otitis externa.

A
  • discharge
  • itch
  • pain
  • eventual hearing loss
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3
Q

How would you investigate otitis externa/media?

A
  • clinically with an otoscope
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4
Q

How would you treat otitis externa?

A
  • topical antibiotics/antifungals
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5
Q

Define otitis media.

A
  • infection of the middle ear due to pathogens coming from the upper respiratory tract via the eustachian tube
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6
Q

Name three common pathogens associated with otitis media.

A
  • RSV
  • strep. pneumoniae
  • haemophillus influenzae
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7
Q

List symptoms of otitis media.

A
  • otalgia
  • hearing loss
  • discharge
  • TM perforation
  • cloudy, red and swollen TM
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8
Q

How would you treat otitis media?

A
  • NSAIDs

- amoxicillin if >72hrs

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9
Q

Define cholesteatoma

A
  • keratinising squamous epithelium within the middle ear cleft
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10
Q

Name two causes of cholesteatoma.

A
  • congenital

- due to infection

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11
Q

List symptoms of cholesteatoma.

A
  • foul smelling ear
  • discharge
  • hearing loss
  • otalgia
  • balance distruption
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12
Q

How would you investigate cholesteatoma?

A
  • clinically with an otoscope
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13
Q

How do you treat cholesteatoma?

A
  • surgery
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14
Q

Define otitis media with effusion.

A
  • inflammation in the middle ear not associated with infection
  • secretions produced by the mucosa build up
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15
Q

List symptoms of otitis media with effusion.

A
  • hearing loss
  • dull TM
  • loss of light reflex
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16
Q

How would you treat otitis media with effusion?

A
  • grommet
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17
Q

Define otosclerosis.

A
  • new bony deposits are layed down within the stapes footplate
  • the stapes becomes fixed to the oval window, impairments movement of the stapes and so there’s reduced conduction
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18
Q

Give the typical presentation of otosclerosis.

A
  • conductive hearing loss
  • usually 20-30 years
  • normal looking TM
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19
Q

How would you investigate otosclerosis?

A
  • audiometry

- tympanometry

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20
Q

How would you treat otosclerosis?

A
  • surgery

- hearing aids

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21
Q

Define presbycusis.

A
  • a degenerative disorder of the cochlea
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22
Q

List the symptoms of presbycusis.

A
  • gradual onset hearing loss

- higher frequencies are lost first

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23
Q

How would you treat presbycusis?

A
  • a high-frequency hearing aid
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24
Q

Describe benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

A
  • neurological balance problem

- otoliths are dislodged into semi-circular canals, stimulating hair cells, making them stop/start on head movements

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25
Define benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
- positional vertigo that lasts <1 minute and becomes less severe on repeated movements
26
How would you investigate benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
- the Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre
27
How would you treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
- the Eppley manoeuvre
28
Define vestibular neuronitis.
- inflammation of the inner ear
29
List symptoms of vestibular neuronitis.
- vertigo - vomiting - hearing loss - tinnitus
30
How would you treat vestibular neuronitis?
- gaze stability exercises - habituation exercises - functional retraining
31
Define Meniere's disease.
- an increase in endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear, causing increased pressure in the labyrinth
32
List symptoms of Meniere's disease.
- low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss - the feeling of fullness in the affected ear - loss of balance - tinnitus - vomiting - dizziness
33
How would you treat Meniere's disease?
- vestibular sedatives during an attack | - chemical labyrinthectomy
34
Define quinsy.
- a collection of pus outside the capsule of the tonsil usually caused by untreated bacterial tonsilitis
35
List symptoms of quinsy.
- pain - odynophagia - fever - malaise - deviated uvula
36
How would you treat quinsy?
- tonsillectomy | - antibiotics
37
Define a pharyngeal pouch.
- herniation of the mucosa through the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
38
List symptoms of a pharyngeal pouch.
- neck swelling - gargling sound after swallowing - recurrent pneumonia due to aspiration
39
How would you investigate a pharyngeal pouch?
- barium swallow
40
How would you treat a pharyngeal pouch?
- surgery
41
Define allergic rhinitis.
- a hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to an allergen
42
List symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
- nasal irritation - sneezing - watery rhinorrhoea - ear itching - nasal blockage
43
How would you investigate allergic rhinitis?
- allergen skin test
44
How would you treat allergic rhinitis?
- allergen avoidance - antihistamines - decongestants - NSAIDs - steroids
45
Define nasal polyps.
- inflammation and oedema of nasal mucosa that prolapses into the nasal cavity causing obstruction
46
List symptoms of nasal polyps.
- nasal congestion - sinusitis - loss of smell - nasal discharge - mouth breathing
47
How would you treat nasal polyps?
- intranasal steroids | - surgery
48
Define rhinosinusitis.
- an infection of the paranasal sinuses
49
List symptoms of rhinosinusitis.
- frontal headache - purulent discharge - facial pain - fever - malaise
50
How would you treat rhinosinusitis?
- nasal decongestants - antibiotics - topical steroids
51
Define a thyroglossal cyst.
- dilation of the thyroglossal duct remnant
52
Define a thyroid nodule.
- a solitary nodule of the thyroid
53
How would you investigate a thyroid nodule?
- FNA | - ultrasound
54
Define parathyroid disease.
- the parathyroid glands either over or under-produce hormone
55
List symptoms of parathyroid disease.
- renal calculi - aching bones - depression/anxiety/psychosis - abdominal pain
56
How would you investigate parathyroid disease?
- U&Es - serum creatinine - vitamin D - ultrasound - CT/MRI
57
Define conjunctivitis.
- an inflammation of the conjunctivae
58
Define a corneal abraison.
- trauma removes a focal area of corneal epithelium
59
List symptoms of corneal abraisons.
- severe pain - lacrimation - inability to open the eye - reduced visual acuity
60
Define cataracts.
- opacification of the lens
61
List causes of cataracts.
- old age - drug-induced - traumatic
62
What is the main symptom of cataracts.
- gradual, painless loss of sight
63
How would you treat cataracts?
- surgery
64
Define primary open angle glaucoma.
- raised intraoccualr pressure due to a blockage in the trabecular meshwork
65
What is the main symptom of primary open angle glaucoma?
- gradual, insidious loss of peripheral visual field, causing loss of vision
66
How would you treat primary open angle glaucoma?
- beta blockers - prostaglandin analogues carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
67
Define acute angle closure glucoma.
- sudden rise in intraoccular pressure due to trabecular meshwork becoming inaccessable
68
List symptoms of actue angle closure gluacoma.
- sudden onset, painful vision loss - headaches - red eye - nausea and vomiting
69
Define uveitis.
- inflammation of the uveal tract | - can be anterior, intermediate, posterior or panuvitis
70
How would you treat uveitis?
- topical steroids - oral/injected steroids - immunosuppressants
71
Define giant cell arteritis.
- inflammatory granulomatous arteritis of the large cerebral arteries
72
List symptoms of giant cell arteritis.
- severe headaches - tenderness over the scalp - claudication of jaw - vision loss - optic disc appears swollen and pale
73
How would you investigate giant cell arteritis?
- fundoscopy - raised ESR - temporal artery biopsy
74
How would you treat giant cell arteritis?
- corticosteroids - calcium supplements - vitamin D supplements
75
Define optic neuritis.
- inflammation of the optic nerve
76
List symptoms of optic neuritis.
- sudden vision loss - blurred or foggy vision - reduced night vision - photophobia
77
How would you treat optic neuritis?
- corticosteroids
78
Define macular degeneration.
- degeneration of the macula
79
What is the most common form of visual impairment in over 50's?
- macular degenerations
80
List symptoms of macular degeneration.
- gradual blurring and eventual loss of central vision | - decreased visual acuity
81
How would you investigate macular degeneration?
- fundoscopy | - slit lamp
82
How would you treat macular degeneration?
- Vitamin C and E supplements | - anti-VEGF injections
83
Define diabetic neuropathy.
- most common complications of diabetes | - painless vision loss
84
Define scleritis.
- inflammation of the sclera
85
List symptoms of scleritis.
- painful red eye - photophobia - low visual acuity
86
How would you treat scleritis?
- corticosteroids - NSAIDs - antibiotics
87
Define orbital cellulitis.
- inflammation of the tissues behind the orbit usually caused by sinusitis/dental infection
88
How would you treat orbital cellulitis?
- IV antibiotics | - surgery
89
Define a squamous cell papilloma.
- broad based growth around the eyelid caused by a virus
90
Describe the presentation of squamous cell papilloma.
- painless, raspberry texture growth
91
How would you treat squamous cell papilloma?
- surgical excision
92
Define a basal cell papilloma.
- a growth around the eyelid caused by sun damaged skin
93
Describe the presentation of basal cell papilloma.
- scaley surface over a thick plaque | - grows over weeks rather than months
94
How would you treat basal cell papilloma?
- surgical excision

Systems 2A Pathology (6 decks)

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