Head & Neck 3 - Neck

Question 1

what is the function of the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae?

Answer 1

for the passage of vertebral arteries to the brain

Question 2

special feature of spinous processes of typical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 2

spinous processes are bifid - nuchal ligament runs between them

Question 3

relative sizes of the vertebral canal & body of typical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 3

small vertebral body - doesn’t hold much weight
large vertebral canal - large parts of spinal cord pass through

Question 4

what are the typical vertebrae?

Answer 4

C3-6 - have transverse foramina, large vertebral canal, small vertebral body & bifid spinous processes

Question 5

what are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 5

C1, 2 & 7

Question 6

what is the first prominent vertebra that can usually be palpated?

Answer 6

C7 (vertebra prominens)

Question 7

which cervical vertebra lacks a vertebral body and spinous process?

Answer 7

C1

Question 8

what structure does the atlas (C1) articulate with superiorly?

Answer 8

occipital condyles of the skull

Question 9

what is the unique bony projection of the axis (C2) called?

Answer 9

odontoid process (dens)

Question 10

at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone located?

Answer 10

C3

Question 11

what are the main structural components of the hyoid bone?

Answer 11

body, two greater horns, and two lesser horns

Question 12

what is unique about the hyoid bone’s attachments?

Answer 12

has no bony attachments - it’s held in place by muscles and ligaments that attach to it

Question 13

what type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 13

synovial condyloid joint

Question 14

what articulations form the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 14

occipital condyles of the skull & superior articular facets of the atlas (C1)

Question 15

what movement is primarily allowed by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 15

flexion & extension of the neck (“yes” movement)

Question 16

how many synovial joints make up the atlanto-axial joint complex?

Answer 16

3
- two between inferior articular facets of the atlas (C1) and the superior articular facets of the axis (C2)
- one between the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis

Question 17

what primary movement occurs at the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 17

rotation of the head (“no” movement)

Question 18

what type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 18

synovial pivot joint

Question 19

what two major muscles are enclosed by the investing fascia of the neck?

Answer 19

trapezius
sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Question 20

what structures does the muscular part of the pretracheal fascia enclose?

Answer 20

infrahyoid/strap muscles of the neck

Question 21

what are the two parts of the pretracheal fascia?

Answer 21

muscular
visceral

Question 22

what structures does the visceral part of the pretracheal fascia enclose? (4)

Answer 22

thyroid gland
trachea
oesophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 23

where is the carotid sheath located in relation to the trachea?

Answer 23

lateral to the trachea

Question 24

what major structures are enclosed by the carotid sheath?

Answer 24

internal jugular vein
common & internal carotid arteries
vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 25

what nerve is enclosed within the carotid sheath of the neck?

Answer 25

vagus nerve

Question 26

what structures are enclosed by the prevertebral fascia?

Answer 26

cervical vertebrae deep postural muscles of the neck

Question 27

what are the 2 major muscles of the neck?

Answer 27

trapezius sternocleidomastoid

Question 28

what are the strap muscles of the neck?

Answer 28

infrahyoid muscles - below the hyoid bone - thyrohyoid - sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid

Question 29

what is the primary function of the trapezius during weight-lifting?

Answer 29

holds scapula in position

Question 30

what are the three parts of the trapezius muscle, and what are their functions?

Answer 30

descending part - elevates scapula, rotates glenoid cavity transverse part - retracts scapula ascending part - depresses scapula

Question 31

what nerve provides motor innervation to the trapezius?

Answer 31

spinal accessory nerve (CN11)

Question 32

what nerve provides sensory innervation to the trapezius?

Answer 32

C3 & C4 spinal nerves

Question 33

describe the nerve supply to the trapezius muscle (motor and sensory)

Answer 33

motor - spinal accessory nerve (CN11) sensory - C3 & C4 spinal nerves

Question 34

what are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 34

sternal & clavicular heads

Question 35

where does the sternocleidomastoid insert?

Answer 35

mastoid process of the temporal bone superior nuchal line (lateral part) of the occipital bone

Question 36

what important role does the SCM play in neck anatomy?

Answer 36

divides neck into anterior & posterior triangles

Question 37

what nerve provides motor innervation to the SCM?

Answer 37

spinal accessory nerve (CN11)

Question 38

what provides sensory (pain & proprioception) innervation to the SCM?

Answer 38

C2 & C3 of the cervical plexus

Question 39

what muscle forms the boundary between the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

Answer 39

sternocleidomastoid

Question 40

how many triangles are within the anterior triangle? name them?

Answer 40

4 - submental submandibular carotid muscular

Question 41

how many triangles are within the posterior triangle? name them?

Answer 41

2 - occipital, supraclavicular

Question 42

boundaries of the submandibular triangle? (superior, anterior, posterior)

Answer 42

located below body of mandible superior = inferior border of mandible anterior = anterior belly of digastric posterior = posterior belly of digastric

Question 43

contents of submandibular triangle?

Answer 43

submandibular lymph nodes & glands facial artery and vein

Question 44

boundaries of submental triangle? (lateral, apex, inferior)

Answer 44

lateral = anterior belly of digastric apex = mandibular symphysis inferior/base = hyoid bone

Question 45

contents of submental triangle?

Answer 45

submental lymph nodes anterior jugular vein tributaries mylohyoid muscle

Question 46

boundaries of the carotid triangle? (superior, inferior, lateral)

Answer 46

superior = posterior belly of digastric inferior = superior belly of omohyoid lateral = SCM

Question 47

what is the carotid sheath?

Answer 47

fascial covering over contents of the carotid triangle

Question 48

contents of the carotid triangle? (5)

Answer 48

common carotid artery internal jugular vein vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 49

what 2 nerves are covered by the carotid sheath?

Answer 49

vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve

Question 50

at what vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

Answer 50

C4 (into internal & external carotid arteries)

Question 51

boundaries of the muscular triangle? (superior, medial, superolateral, inferolateral)

Answer 51

superior = hyoid bone medial = midline of neck superolateral = superior belly of omohyoid muscle inferolateral = inferior portion of SCM

Question 52

contents of the muscular triangle?

Answer 52

infrahyoid/strap muscles of the neck thyroid & parathyroid glands pharynx

Question 53

all the infrahyoid muscles of the neck are innervated by WHAT - except WHAT muscle? what is it innervated by?

Answer 53

all innervated by ansa cervicalis except thyrohyoid - innervated by C1 spinal nerve

Question 54

boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck? (anterior, posterior, superior/base, inferior)

Answer 54

anterior = midline of neck posterior = anterior border of SCM superior/base = inferior border of mandible inferior/apex = sternum

Question 55

boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck? (anterior, posterior, inferior/base, apex)

Answer 55

anterior = posterior border of SCM posterior = anterior border of trapezius inferior/base = middle 1/3 of clavicle apex = meeting point of trapezius & SCM

Question 56

boundaries of the occipital triangle? (anterior, posterior, inferior)

Answer 56

anterior = SCM posterior = trapezius inferior = omohyoid

Question 57

boundaries of the supraclavicular triangle? (anterior, superior, inferior)

Answer 57

anterior = SCM superior = omohyoid inferior = clavicle

Question 58

what nerve is contained within the occipital triangle?

Answer 58

spinal accessory nerve

Question 59

which subdivision of the posterior triangle contains the spinal accessory nerve?

Answer 59

occipital triangle