LL1 - Muscles of the gluteal region

Question 1

list the muscles of the gluteal superficial layer (4)

Answer 1

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia lata

Question 2

list the muscles of the gluteal deep layer (5)

Answer 2

gemellus superior
gemellus inferior
obturator internus
quadratus femoris
piriformis

Question 3

list the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh (7)

Answer 3

pectineus
iliopsoas
sartorius
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

Question 4

list the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh (5)

Answer 4

adductor magnus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
gracilis
obturator externus

Question 5

list the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh (3)

Answer 5

semitendinous
semimembranous
biceps femoris

Question 6

which two of the gluteal superficial muscles insert on the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 6

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

Question 7

where does the tensor fascia lata insert?

Answer 7

iliotibial tract (which inserts on Gerdy’s tubercle of the tibia)

Question 8

what clinical sign is present if the superior gluteal nerve function is affected?

Answer 8

Trendelenburg sign - pelvic drop; if weight is shifted to the affected side, the pelvis on the opposite side drops down

Question 9

what muscle of the gluteal superficial layer isn’t innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?
a) gluteus maximus
b) gluteus medius
c) gluteus minimus
d) tensor fascia lata

Answer 9

a) gluteus maximus

Question 10

what three muscles of the thigh insert on the pec anserinus?

Answer 10

sartorius (anterior compartment)
gracilis (medial)
semitendinosus (posterior)

Question 11

innervation to anterior thigh compartment? what muscle is the exception?

Answer 11

femoral nerve

iliopsoas muscle consists of 2 parts - psoas major innervated by anterior rami of L1-3 nerves; iliacus innervated by femoral nerve

Question 12

which muscle is known as the ‘crossing legs’ muscle? what actions does this involve?

Answer 12

sartorius - hip flexion, abduction and lateral rotation, knee flexion

Question 13

what structures (2) pass through the adductor hiatus?

Answer 13

femoral artery
femoral vein

Question 14

what is the fascia lata?

Answer 14

deep fascia of the thigh - encloses muscles & forms intermuscular septa dividing thigh’s muscular compartments

Question 15

What is the role of the fascia lata in muscle function and circulation?

Answer 15

improves muscle contraction efficiency

aids venous return by preventing outward expansion of muscles and compressing veins

Question 16

what muscles insert on the IT band?

Answer 16

gluteus maximus
tensor fascia lata

Question 17

Which structure on the tibia does the IT band insert onto?

Answer 17

Gerdy’s tubercle

Question 18

gluteus maximus - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 18

origin: posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx & sacrotuberous ligament

insertion: 1. IT band; 2. gluteal tuberosity (femur)

action: lateral rotation & hip extension

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Question 19

gluteus medius - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 19

origin: posterior ilium

insertion: greater trochanter (femur)

action: hip abduction, medial rotation

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Question 20

gluteus minimus - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 20

origin: posterior ilium

insertion: greater trochanter (femur)

action: hip abduction, medial rotation

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Question 21

tensor fascia lata- origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 21

origin: anterior ilium (ASIS & iliac crest)

insertion: IT band (Gerdy’s tubercle - tibia)

action: stabilises hip & knee joint

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Question 22

action of gluteus maximus?

Answer 22

lateral rotation of femur
hip extension

Question 23

action of gluteus medius?

Answer 23

medial rotation of femur
hip abduction

Question 24

action of gluteus minimus?

Answer 24

media rotation of femur
hip abduction

Question 25

action of tensor fascia lata?

Answer 25

stabilises hip & knee joint (indirectly via IT band)

Question 26

Which of the following muscles is responsible for maintaining pelvic stability during single-leg stance? A. Gluteus maximus B. Gluteus medius C. Piriformis D. Quadratus femoris

Answer 26

**B. Gluteus medius** (& gluteus minimus - abduct and medially rotate hip to stabilise pelvis)

Question 27

Injury to which nerve would result in a positive Trendelenburg sign? A. Inferior gluteal nerve B. Sciatic nerve C. Superior gluteal nerve D. Obturator nerve

Answer 27

C. Superior gluteal nerve - Trendelenburg sign (pelvic drop on affected side)

Question 28

Which muscle both stabilizes the knee and assists in hip movement via insertion into the IT band? A. Gluteus medius B. Gluteus minimus C. Tensor fascia lata D. Piriformis

Answer 28

C. Tensor fascia lata

Question 29

Which of the following muscle pairs share the same origin, insertion, action, and innervation? A. Gluteus maximus & minimus B. Gluteus medius & minimus C. Tensor fascia lata & gluteus maximus D. Piriformis & gluteus medius

Answer 29

B. Gluteus medius & minimus

Question 30

A lesion inferior to the piriformis affecting a motor nerve would most likely impair which action? A. Hip abduction B. Hip flexion C. Hip extension D. Knee extension

Answer 30

**C. Hip extension** - inferior gluteal nerve (runs inferior to piriformis) **innervates gluteus maximus**, the main hip extensor

Question 31

T/F: The gluteus maximus is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve

Answer 31

FALSE - innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve

Question 32

T/F: Both gluteus medius and minimus insert on the greater trochanter

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

T/F: Tensor fascia lata aids in lateral knee stability by directly acting on the knee joint

Answer 33

FALSE - acts indirectly via the IT band

Question 34

piriformis - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 34

origin: anterior sacrum insertion: greater trochanter (femur) action: lateral rotation & hip abduction innervation: anterior rami of S1-2

Question 35

what structure of the pelvis does the piriformis pass through? with what nerve?

Answer 35

greater sciatic notch - with the sciatic nerve

Question 36

gemellus superior - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 36

origin: ischial spine insertion: intertrochanteric fossa (via tendon of obturator internus) action: lateral rotation & hip abduction (when flexed) innervation: nerve to obturator internus

Question 37

gemellus inferior - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 37

origin: ischial tuberosity insertion: trochanteric fossa action: lateral rotation & hip abduction innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 38

obturator internus - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 38

origin: obturator membrane (goes through lesser sciatic notch) insertion: trochanteric fossa action: lateral rotation & hip abduction innervation: nerve to obturator internus

Question 39

quadratus femoris - origin, insertion, action, innervation

Answer 39

origin: ischial tuberosity insertion: quadrate tuberosity (femur) action: lateral rotation of hip innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris

Question 40

What are the actions of the deep gluteal lateral rotators (piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus)?

Answer 40

hip abduction (when flexed) lateral rotation of hip

Question 41

Which muscles insert via the tendon of the obturator internus into the trochanteric fossa?

Answer 41

gemellus superior gemellus inferior obturator internus

Question 42

What nerve innervates both gemellus inferior and quadratus femoris?

Answer 42

nerve to obturator internus

Question 43

Through which foramen does the piriformis exit the pelvis?

Answer 43

greater sciatic foramen

Question 44

Which muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? A. Piriformis B. Obturator externus C. Obturator internus D. Gemellus superior

Answer 44

C. Obturator internus

Question 45

Which muscle inserts lowest on the femur and is thus unable to abduct the hip? A. Piriformis B. Gemellus inferior C. Quadratus femoris D. Obturator internus

Answer 45

C. Quadratus femoris

Question 46

Gemellus inferior is innervated by the same nerve as which of the following? A. Obturator internus B. Piriformis C. Gluteus maximus D. Quadratus femoris

Answer 46

D. Quadratus femoris

Question 47

A muscle originating on the ischial spine and contributing to a common tendon is likely innervated by which nerve? A. Nerve to quadratus femoris B. Anterior rami of S1–S2 C. Nerve to obturator internus D. Obturator nerve

Answer 47

C. Nerve to obturator internus (gemellus superior)

Question 48

T/F: the piriformis abducts the hip when it is extended.

Answer 48

FALSE - hip abduction when *flexed*

Question 49

Gemellus superior and inferior have different insertion tendons.

Answer 49

FALSE - both insert via the common tendon of obturator internus on the trochanteric fossa (femur)

Question 50

What is the common action of the deep lateral rotator muscles of the hip (piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus/externus, quadratus femoris)?

Answer 50

lateral rotation of the femur at the hip hip abduction when flexed (not QF)