LL1 - Osteology, joints and ligaments of the hip, thigh and knee Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
how many bones constitute the pelvic girdle - list them
A
4 bones - sacrum, coccyx, and the right & left hip bones
2
Q
what are the functions of the bony pelvis? (4)
A
- transmits the body’s weight from the vertebral column to the femur
- contains, protects, & supports the pelvic organs – distal end of the GI tract & reproductive organs
- provides attachment for the lower limbs & trunk
- anchors the roots of external genitalia
3
Q
articulations forming the lumbosacral joint?
A
between the 5th lumbar vertebrae & sacrum
4
Q
articulations forming the sacrococcygeal joint?
A
between the sacrum & coccyx
5
Q
function of the pelvic symphysis?
A
as a secondary cartilaginous joint - can soften and stretch during pregnancy, causing pain
6
Q
function of the sacroiliac joint?
A
transfers weight from the sacrum to hip bones (to lower limbs) - has a weight-bearing function
7
Q
where do the ischium, ilium & pubis fuse?
A
acetabulum
8
Q
why is the ischial tuberosity flared?
A
it’s flared due to the pressure of us sitting on it
9
Q
what reduces the size of the obturator foramen?
A
obturator membrane
10
Q
what passes through the obturator foramen?
A
obturator nerve, artery & vein
11
Q
which ligament converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen? what structures does this ligament run between?
A
sacrospinous ligament - runs between the ischial spine & lateral borders of sacrum and coccyx
12
Q
which ligament converts the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen? what structures does this ligament run between?
A
sacrotuberous ligament - runs between the ischial tuberosity & lateral borders of the sacrum and coccyx
13
Q
what structures pass through the greater sciatic notch?
A
sciatic nerve
piriformis muscle
14
Q
what structures pass through the lesser sciatic notch?
A
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal vessels
15
Q
function of the acetabulum?
A
deep socket that articulates with the rounded head of the femur - forms hip joint
16
Q
how does the acetabular labrum contribute to hip joint stability?
A
deepens the socket - better congruency between acetabulum and femur
reduces hip mobility
17
Q
which lower limb structure is commonly fractured in individuals with osteoporosis?
A
neck of femur - narrowed region that connects the femoral head to the greater & lesser trochanters
18
Q
what is the significance of the fovea of the femur?
A
attachment point for the ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres)
19
Q
where does the quadratus femoris insert on the femur?
A
on the quadrate tubercle - posterior aspect of the proximal femur
20
Q
where does the iliopsoas tendon insert on the femur?
A
lesser trochanter
21
Q
Which structure connects the greater and lesser trochanters anteriorly?
A
intertrochanteric line
22
Q
What structure is found on the medial aspect of the femoral head and gives attachment to ligamentum teres?
A
fovea of the femoral head
23
Q
what is the significance of the trochanteric fossa on the femur?
A
where some lateral rotator muscles insert - e.g. the gemelli muscles, obturator internus and externus
24
Q
function of the gluteal tuberosity on the femur?
A
on the lateral aspect of the femur - insertion point for the gluteus maximus muscle
it extends down and forms the linea aspera (ridge)
25
where do some lateral rotator muscles insert on the proximal femur?
trochanteric fossa
26
does the anterior surface of the femur have any significant features?
no; relatively smooth & featureless
posterior surface has significant features
27
What forms from the gluteal tuberosity and continues along the posterior femur?
linea aspera - continues distally as the medial & lateral supracondylar ridges
28
Where does the adductor magnus (hamstring part) insert on the femur?
adductor tubercle
29
Which ligament attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the femur? where does this ligament connect?
**lateral collateral ligament** (fibular collateral ligament) - to the **fibula**
30
Which ligament attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur? where does this ligament connect?
medial collateral ligament - to tibia
31
what lines the patellar surface of the distal femur?
articular cartilage
32
Which structure on the femur serves as the insertion point for the iliopsoas muscle?
a) Greater trochanter
b) Linea aspera
c) Lesser trochanter
d) Adductor tubercle
c) Lesser trochanter
33
The gluteal tuberosity is continuous inferiorly with which structure?
a) Intertrochanteric line
b) Linea aspera
c) Adductor tubercle
d) Patellar surface
b) Linea aspera
34
A patient has weakness in lateral rotation of the thigh. Which femoral feature likely receives the insertion of affected muscles?
a) Intercondylar fossa
b) Trochanteric fossa
c) Intertrochanteric line
d) Adductor tubercle
**b) Trochanteric fossa** - insertion site of some of the lateral rotator muscles of the hip (gemelli muscles, obturator internus & externus)
35
Damage to the medial collateral ligament may affect its bony attachment at which site?
a) Lateral condyle
b) Medial epicondyle
c) Adductor tubercle
d) Greater trochanter
b) Medial epicondyle
36
Which feature on the distal femur allows passage of vessels from the anterior thigh to the popliteal fossa?
a) Intertrochanteric crest
b) Adductor tubercle
c) Adductor hiatus
d) Linea aspera
**c) Adductor hiatus** - a gap in adductor magnus through which structures pass from the anterior thigh to popliteal fossa posteriorly
37
What type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid bone (embedded in a tendon)
38
what tendon is the patella embedded in?
quadriceps tendon
39
What is the function of the patella?
increases the lever arm of the quadriceps
improves force of knee extension
40
what structure projects upwards between the medial & lateral tibial plateaus?
intercondylar eminence
41
What is the function of the intercondylar eminence?
anchors the menisci
fits into femur's intercondylar fossa
42
during what movement does the tibia's intercondylar eminence fit into the femur’s intercondylar fossa?
**knee extension** - locks femur in place & stabilises movement
43
what inserts at Gerdy’s tubercle?
iliotibial (IT) tract
44
what inserts at the tibial tuberosity? (2)
quadriceps muscle tendon
patellar ligament (connects patella to tibia)
45
what is the iliotibial (IT) band? where does it extend to and from?
thick band of fascia from the **iliac crest** (via tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus) to **Gerdy's tubercle** on the lateral tibia
46
what does the iliotibial band do (what does it help stabilise)?
stabilises lateral thigh and knee
47
what inserts into the IT band? (2)
tensor fascia latae
gluteus maximus
48
what is IT band syndrome? common symptom?
overuse injury where the IT band becomes irritated/inflamed due to rubbing over over the lateral femoral epicondyle - leads to lateral knee pain
49
what causes IT band syndrome?
overuse injury - repetitive knee flexion/extension
common in athletes
50
Which syndrome is associated with lateral knee pain in runners due to repetitive flexion-extension?
IT band syndrome
51
what articulations form the proximal tibiofibular joint?
lateral condyle of tibia & head of fibular via articular facets
52
What type of joint is the hip?
synovial ball-and-socket joint
53
what articulations form the hip joint?
head of femur & acetabulum of the pelvis (fusion of the pelvic bones)
54
What structure deepens the acetabulum and improves stability?
acetabular labrum – a ring of fibrocartilage
55
What is the role of the ligamentum teres in the hip joint?
minimal stability
carries a branch of the obturator artery to femoral head
56
What ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip?
**iliofemoral ligament** – strongest ligament, taut in extension
57
Which hip ligament becomes taut during abduction and extension?
pubofemoral ligament
58
describe the origin & insertion of the pubofemoral ligament
- originates from pubic bone
- wraps under iliofemoral ligament & fibres merge with it
- inserts in intertrochanteric line of femut
59
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament? where does it originate & insert?
origin: ischium
insertion: greater trochanter (femur)
function: prevents excessive internal rotation of femur
60
what vascular structure does the ligamentum teres carry? what does this do?
carries a **branch of the obturator artery** - supplies femoral head
61
What is the strongest ligament in the body?
a) iliofemoral ligament
b) pubofemoral ligament
c) ischiofemoral ligament
d) sacroiliac ligament
a) iliofemoral ligament
62
Which ligament resists hip extension and abduction?
a) iliofemoral ligament
b) pubofemoral ligament
c) ischiofemoral ligament
d) sacroiliac ligament
b) pubofemoral ligament
63
Which hip ligament becomes taut during internal rotation?
a) iliofemoral ligament
b) pubofemoral ligament
c) ischiofemoral ligament
d) sacroiliac ligament
c) ischiofemoral ligament
64
The patella increases the efficiency of which of the following muscles?
a) Vastus medialis
b) Iliopsoas
c) Rectus femoris
d) Sartorius
e) Tensor fasciae latae
c) Rectus femoris - part of quadriceps group; patella improves knee extension force
65
Which of the following inserts at Gerdy’s tubercle?
a) Sartorius
b) Gracilis
c) Semitendinosus
d) Iliotibial tract
e) Biceps femoris
d) Iliotibial tract
66
A lesion to the branch of the obturator artery running through the ligamentum teres would primarily affect which structure?
a) Acetabular labrum
b) Femoral head
c) Iliopsoas
d) Greater trochanter
e) Gluteal muscles
b) Femoral head
67
Which ligament prevents excessive internal rotation of the femur at the hip joint?
a) Iliofemoral
b) Ischiofemoral
c) Pubofemoral
d) Sacrotuberous
e) Transverse acetabular
b) Ischiofemoral
68
The adductor hiatus is found in which muscle and serves what purpose?
a) Adductor longus; allows passage of femoral nerve
b) Gracilis; allows iliotibial tract insertion
c) Adductor magnus; allows passage of femoral vessels
d) Vastus medialis; allows passage of great saphenous vein
e) Sartorius; allows passage of obturator nerve
c) Adductor magnus; allows passage of femoral vessels
69
what two joints form the knee joint?
proximal tibiofemoral joint
patellofemoral joint
70
articulations forming the patellofemoral joint?
patella surface of femur & articular cartilage of patella
71
what type of joint is the knee joint?
modified synovial hinge joint
72
why is the knee joint a modified synovial hinge joint?
allows flexion, extension & **some medial-lateral rotation**
73
what ligament of the knee is attached to the medial meniscus of the knee?
medial collateral ligament
74
which knee ligament runs from the lateral condyle of the femur to head of fibula? what movement does this ligament prevent?
lateral collateral ligament
- prevents varus (knees bowing outwards)
75
what movements (2) does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent?
anterior tibial displacement
knee hyperextension
76
does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent knee hyperflexion or hyperextension?
knee hyperextension
77
what movements (2) does the posterior cruciate ligament prevent?
posterior tibial displacement
knee hyperflection
78
Why is the medial meniscus more injury-prone than the lateral meniscus?
it's attached to the medial collateral ligament & less mobile
79
Which ligament prevents valgus collapse?
medial collateral ligament
80
Which ligament prevents varus collapse?
lateral collateral ligament
81
what ligament goes from the lateral condyle of the femur to anterior tibia? what movements does this ligament prevent?
anterior cruciate ligament - prevents:
1. anterior tibial displacement
2. knee hyperextension
82
What are the primary functions of the menisci?
shock absorption
increase joint congruency
improve stability
weight distribution across the tibial plateau
83
which meniscus is more mobile? why?
lateral meniscus - not attached to LCL; medial meniscus is attached to MCL
84
what is the shape of the medial meniscus compared to the lateral meniscus?
medial = C-shaped
lateral = O-shaped (more circular)
85
Which of the following best describes the function of the acetabular labrum?
A. Absorbs synovial fluid
B. Prevents posterior dislocation
C. Deepens the socket for stability
D. Anchors the ligamentum teres
C. Deepens the socket for stability
86
The iliofemoral ligament attaches to which of the following structures on the femur?
A. Greater trochanter
B. Intertrochanteric crest
C. Intertrochanteric line
D. Lesser trochanter
C. Intertrochanteric line
87
Which ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur?
A. ACL
B. MCL
C. PCL
D. LCL
C. PCL
88
Which combination correctly matches the meniscus with its features?
A. Medial – mobile, no ligament attachment
B. Lateral – immobile, attached to LCL
C. Lateral – attached to MCL, less prone to injury
D. Medial – less mobile, attached to MCL
D. Medial – less mobile, attached to MCL
89
Which muscle is responsible for initiating flexion by unlocking the extended knee?
A. Vastus lateralis
B. Semimembranosus
C. Popliteus
D. Gastrocnemius
C. Popliteus - unlocks knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia; allows for flexion after extension
90
Which ligament spans the acetabular notch and supports the ligamentum teres?
A. Iliofemoral ligament
B. Pubofemoral ligament
C. Ischiofemoral ligament
D. Transverse acetabular ligament
D. Transverse acetabular ligament
91
What movement tightens the ischiofemoral ligament at the hip joint?
internal rotation of the femur
92
A footballer experiences a valgus force to the lateral knee. Which structure is most likely not directly damaged?
A) Medial meniscus
B) ACL
C) LCL
D) MCL
C) LCL - valgus force injures MCL, often with medial meniscus and ACL (unhappy triad)
93
Which muscle inserts at Gerdy’s tubercle and is often implicated in lateral knee pain (e.g., runner’s knee)?
A) Gluteus medius
B) Vastus lateralis
C) Tensor fasciae latae via IT band
D) Biceps femoris
C) Tensor fasciae latae via IT band
94
The intercondylar eminence of the tibia articulates with which femoral structure during knee extension?
A) Medial epicondyle
B) Intercondylar fossa
C) Lateral condyle
D) Patellar surface
B) Intercondylar fossa
95
What is the "unhappy triad" injury of the knee? cause?
injury to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus
typically due to a valgus force with external rotation (e.g. a tackle to the lateral knee)
96
Why is the medial meniscus commonly injured in the unhappy triad?
it's attached to the MCL - MCL often tears the meniscus with it
