Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention - Part 1

Question 1

define food security (1)

Answer 1

1- physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life

Question 2

define active transportation (1)

Answer 2

1- Use of human powered transportation to get from one place to another (e.g. biking, walking)

Question 3

define poverty (1)

Answer 3

1- deprivation of resources, means, choices, and power necessary to acquire and maintain a basic level of living standards and to facilitate integration and participation in society

Question 4

define health (1)

Answer 4

1- state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

Question 5

define health promotion (1)

Answer 5

1- process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

Question 6

define illness (1)

Answer 6

1- subjective experience of feeling unwell

Question 7

define disease (1)

Answer 7

1- pathological process that may result in symptoms

Question 8

define impairment (1)

Answer 8

1- loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical function/structure

Question 9

define disability (1)

Answer 9

1- functional consequence of impairment (e.g. inability to speak or hear clearly)

Question 10

define handicap (1)

Answer 10

1- social consequence or disadvantage of impairment (e.g. career change, job loss)

Question 11

what are the pre-requisites for health - FISHES SEEPS (11)

Answer 11

1- Peace
2- shelter
3- food
4- income
5- education
6- stable ecosystem
7- sustainable resources
8- social justice
9- equity
10- human rights
11- empowerment of women

Question 12

what are the determinants of health - SEE-C-BAGPIPERS (13)

Answer 12

1- Income and social status
2- Social support networks
3- Education and literacy
4- Employment and working conditions
5- Physical environment
6- Social environment
7- Personal health behaviours/coping skills
8- Early childhood development
9- Biology and genetic endowment
10- Gender
11- Culture
12- Access to health services
13- Race/Racism

Question 13

what are pillars for reducing poverty - DOR (3)

Answer 13

1- dignity
2- opportunity and inclusion
3- resilience

Question 14

what is another term for market basket measure (MBM) (1a),

what is MBM (1b),

how many MBM exist in Canada (1c)

Answer 14

1a- = Canada’s Official Poverty Line
1b- = cost of buying a specific set of goods/services that
represent a basic standard of living (clothing, transportation, shelter etc.) and ability to participate in community
1c- MBM exists for 53 geographic areas in Canada

Question 15

around what percentage of Canadians live below the poverty line (1)

Answer 15

1- ~10%

Question 16

what is basic income (1)

Answer 16

1- payment made to eligible
individuals that ensures a minimum income level, regardless of employment status

Question 17

what are other low income measures used by StatsCan (3)

Answer 17

1- poverty rate
2- low-income cut-off
3- low-income measure

Question 18

what are participatory principles - RISE (4)

Answer 18

1- respect
2- inclusion
3- social justice and equity
4- empowerment

Question 19

what are the components of the Ottawa Charter -
the skills (AME)
and actions (BC DRS)
(8)

Answer 19

1- advocate
2- mediate
3- enable
4- build healthy public policy
5- create supportive environments
6- develop personal skills
7- reorient health services
8- strengthen community actions

Question 20

re: ottawa charter, what does advocate mean - PEStlEBB (1)

Answer 20

1- advocate for political, economic, social, cultural, environmental,
behavioural and biological conditions that are favourable to health

Question 21

re: ottawa charter, what does mediate mean (1)

Answer 21

1- professionals, social groups, health personnel have a responsibility to
mediate between differing societal interests

Question 22

re: ottawa charter, what does enable mean (1)

Answer 22

1- enable people to take control of the determinants of their health, with the
goal of achieving equity in health

Question 23

re: ottawa charter, what does build healthy public policy mean - what is it (LTFO) and who is involved (2)

Answer 23

1- legislation, fiscal measures, taxation, and organizational change should improve health equity and make healthier choices
easier
2- Not just health departments but all levels and sectors of government and other organizations

Question 24

re: ottawa charter, what does create supportive environments mean (1)

Answer 24

1- refers to the “socioecological environment” - Care for our communities and our natural environment by conserving resources, healthy working conditions, and considering the health impact of environmental changes

Question 25

re: ottawa charter, what does develop personal skills mean (1)

Answer 25

1- to cope with illness and injury, to make healthy choices, and to exercise control over their own health and environment

Question 26

re: ottawa charter, what does reorient health services mean (1)

Answer 26

1- expand the mandate of health services beyond clinical and curative services to support individuals and communities to provide holistic care for the whole person

Question 27

re: ottawa charter, what does strengthen community actions mean (1)

Answer 27

1- empower community action to improve social support and public participation through collective actions

Question 28

what is the health impact pyramid (1)

Answer 28

1- describes the impact of different types of public health interventions

Question 29

what is the change in level of impact as you go up and down the health impact pyramid (1)

Answer 29

1- going up the pyramid = increasing individual effort needed to do intervention 2- going down pyramid = increasing population impact

Question 30

what are the levels of the health impact pyramid, starting from bottom up - MCL-CE (5)

Answer 30

1- Modify SDOH: reduce poverty, improve housing 2- Change context to make the default decision healthy: community water fluoridation, legislation 3- Long-lasting protective interventions: vaccines, contraception, home modification 4- Clinical interventions: treatment, procedures 5- Education and counselling: 1-on-1 sessions

Question 31

what is the socioecological model (SEM) (1)

Answer 31

1- posits that health behaviours and health outcomes are the result of complex interactions between individuals, organizations, community, and public policy

Question 32

what does the socioecological model say about where interventions should be directed to be most effective for promoting health (1)

Answer 32

1- since factors across multiple levels interact to influence behaviour, multiple-level interventions are most effective for promoting health

Question 33

what are the levels of the socioecological model (start from inner circle and move out) - I-IOCS (5)

Answer 33

1- individual 2- interpersonal 3- organizational 4- community 5- societal/public policy

Question 34

re: socioecological model, describe the individual level (1)

Answer 34

1- Individual factors: characteristics of the individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, skills, and developmental history

Question 35

re: socioecological model, describe the interpersonal level (1)

Answer 35

1- Interpersonal: formal and informal social networks and social support systems, including family, work group, and friendship networks

Question 36

re: socioecological model, describe the organizational level (1)

Answer 36

1- Organizational: social institutions with organizational characteristics and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations (e.g. workplace, healthcare institutions, CBOs)

Question 37

re: socioecological model, describe the community level (1)

Answer 37

1- Community: relationships among organizations, institutions, and informational networks within defined boundaries (e.g. coalitions, media)

Question 38

re: socioecological model, describe the societal level (1)

Answer 38

1- societal/public policy: local, state, national, and global laws and policies that allocate resources to establish and maintain a coalition that serves a mediating structure connecting individuals and the larger social environment

Question 39

at what level does the health belief model operate (1)

Answer 39

1- individual level

Question 40

what is the health belief model (1)

Answer 40

1- predicts health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals

Question 41

what are the steps of the health belief model (4)

Answer 41

1- Perceived susceptibility 2- perceived severity 3- perceived benefits 4- perceived barriers

Question 42

re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived susceptibility and seriousness lead to (1)

Answer 42

1- perceived threat

Question 43

re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived benefits and barriers lead to (1)

Answer 43

1- outcome expectations from a health action

Question 44

re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived threat and perceived outcome expectations lead to (1)

Answer 44

1- Self-efficacy: confidence in ability to carry out recommended action

Question 45

at what level does the stages of change (transtheoretical) model operate (1)

Answer 45

1- individual level

Question 46

what is the stages of change model (MR) (1)

Answer 46

1- whether or not an individual’s behaviour will change is based on their motivation and readiness to change

Question 47

what are the steps of the stages of change model - PC-PAM-TR (7)

Answer 47

1- Pre-contemplation 2- Contemplation 3- Preparation/Decision 4- Action 5- Maintenance 6- Termination 7- Relapse

Question 48

re: stages of change, what is pre-contemplation (1)

Answer 48

1- Pre-contemplation: no intention of taking action, not conscious of poor behaviour choices

Question 49

re: stages of change, what is contemplation (1)

Answer 49

1- Contemplation: intends to take action within 6 months, aware they have a behaviour problem

Question 50

re: stages of change, what is preparation/decision (1)

Answer 50

1- Preparation/Decision: intends to take action soon, taken some behavioral steps in this direction

Question 51

re: stages of change, what is action (1)

Answer 51

1- Action: actively changing behaviour for < 6 months, high risk of relapse

Question 52

re: stages of change, what is maintenance (1)

Answer 52

1- Maintenance: maintain changed behaviour for >6 months, feels competent in overcoming barriers

Question 53

re: stages of change, what is termination (1)

Answer 53

1- Termination: no temptation to return to the problem behaviours (not often reached)

Question 54

re: stages of change, what is relapse (1)

Answer 54

1- Relapse: back to problem behaviours

Question 55

at what level does the 'stage theory of organizational change' operate at (1)

Answer 55

1- organizational level

Question 56

what is the stage theory of organizational change (1)

Answer 56

1- they are the steps an organization must take before an innovation or behaviour change practice is accepted

Question 57

re: stage theory of organizational change, what are the steps - 2A2I (4)

Answer 57

1- Awareness-raising: identify health-related problems and possible solutions among staff 2- Adoption: planning and choosing a policy, program, or intervention to address the problem 3- Implementation: staff work together to implement an organizational wide change 4- Institutionalization: long term maintenance of an idea or innovation

Question 58

at what level does the 'diffusion of innovation' theory operate at (1)

Answer 58

1- community level

Question 59

what is the diffusion of innovation theory (1)

Answer 59

1- process by which an innovation (new idea, product, practice, and philosophy) is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system

Question 60

what are the categories of adopters in the diffusion of innovation theory - I-2E-2L (5) *remember the 'normal'-looking distribution curve that this theory is mapped on

Answer 60

1- Innovators (change agents) 2- Early adopters (opinion leaders) 3- Early majority (pragmatists) 4- Late majority (conservatives) 5- Laggards (skeptics)

Question 61

what is the objective of Canada's Healthy Eating Strategy (1)

Answer 61

1- improve food environment in Canada to make the healthier choice the easy choice

Question 62

re: Canada's healthy eating strategy, what are the 4 pillars - SIPI (4)

Answer 62

1- Improving healthy eating information: food guide, food nutrition labels, ingredient lists, front-of- package labelling 2- Improving nutrition quality: reduce sodium in food, ban industrial trans-fat 3- Protect vulnerable groups: restrict marketing of certain foods and beverages to children 4- Supporting increased access and availability: Nutrition North Canada subsidy program

Question 63

what is Canada's Food Guide (1)

Answer 63

1- to promote healthy eating, overall nutritional well-being, and support improvements to the Canadian food environment

Question 64

what does the updated Canada Food Guide look like (3)

Answer 64

1- visual of the components of a plate: half plate veggies/fruit; quarter plate protein; quarter plate whole grains 2- positive key messaging on things to do (eating healthy is more than the foods you eat) 3- warning key messaging on things to look out for

Question 65

what is the health rationale for the simplified updated Canada Food Guide - FFP (3)

Answer 65

1- Fibre reduces CVD, colon cancer, diabetes 2- Vegetables and fruits reduce CVD 3- Plant based protein and nuts decrease LDL cholesterol

Question 66

what are the recommendations of Canada Food Guide - CHOMP-V-2W2L (10)

Answer 66

1- Veggies - Have plenty of vegetables and fruits 2- water - Make water your drink of choice 3- protein - Eat plant-based proteins 4- whole grain - Choose whole grain foods 5- habits - Be mindful of eating habits 6- labels - Use food labels 7- Cook more often 8- others - Enjoy your food and eat meals with others 9- marketing - Be aware of food marketing 10- Limit foods high in sodium, sugars and saturated fats

Question 67

what are the guidelines for avoiding high salt, sugar and fat as part of Canada's Food Guide (3)

Answer 67

1- Limit foods high in sodium (<2300mg/day) 2- free sugars (<10% total energy intake) 3- saturated fat (<10% total energy intake)

Question 68

what percentage of Canadians are food insecure (1)

Answer 68

1- almost 20%

Question 69

what are risk factors for food insecurity - H-LIRR (5)

Answer 69

1- Homes with 3 or more children 2- Low income and low education 3- Indigenous populations 4- Recent immigrants 5- Rural/remote location

Question 70

what are signs of food insecurity in a household - B-VEG (4)

Answer 70

1- balanced- Cannot afford balanced meals 2- Go hungry by eating less or skipping meals 3- entire day - Sometimes not eating for an entire day 4- variety - Do not have access to the variety or quantity of food that they need due to lack of money