PH Policy

Question 1

what is a policy (1)

Answer 1

1- actions by public authority to improve the
conditions under which people live, work, and play

Question 2

what is health policy (1)

Answer 2

1- all decisions, plans, actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health sector
goals (e.g. health services and healthcare delivery)

Question 3

what is public policy (1)

Answer 3

1- action by a public authority in order to limit or increase the presence of certain
phenomena within the population (i.e. anything a
government chooses to do or not to do)

Question 4

what is healthy public policy (1)

Answer 4

1- all public policies that
affect health, including those not aimed at health

Question 5

what is health-in-all policy (1)

Answer 5

1- an approach to public
policies that systematically takes into account the
health implications of decisions, seeks synergies,
and avoids harmful health impacts, in order to
improve population health and health equity

Question 6

what are some determinants of policy - 3Is (3)

Answer 6

1- interest
2- ideas
3- ideologies

Question 7

what is the multiple streams framework - what are the 3 streams (3)

Answer 7

1- problem: public issue requiring action
2- policy: solution to the issue
3- politics: national mood, new government

Question 8

re: multiple streams, where do the 3 streams converge into (1)

Answer 8

1- policy window: a critical point when the problem, policy and politics converge

Question 9

what is the policy triangle model for health policy analysis (4)

Answer 9

1- content
2- context
3- process
4- actors (in the centre)

Question 10

what are the types of policy analysis - DEEPP (5)

Answer 10

1- Descriptive: what happened?
2- Explanatory: why did it happen?
3- Evaluative: did it work?
4- Predictive: what will happen?
5- Prescriptive: what should happen?

Question 11

what are the stages of the policy cycle - APDIE (5)

Answer 11

1- agenda setting (identify/define problem)
2- policy formulation (come up with options)
3- decision-making (decide on an option)
4- implementation
5- evaluation

Question 12

what are policy instruments/levers - PESTLEE (7)

Answer 12

1- political
2- economic
3- social
4- technological
5- legal
6- ethical
7- environmental

Question 13

what are categories of actors/stakeholders to engage - A MANIC HUG (9)

Answer 13

1- Academia
2- Media
3- Associations
4- NGOs
5- Industry
6- Coalitions
7- Healthcare
8- Unions
9- Government

Question 14

what are some ways of grouping actors/stakeholders who you want to engage - 4Ps, I/E, RASCI (3)

Answer 14

1- 4 Ps - people, program, partners, powerful
2- internal/external
3- RASCI - responsible, accountable, supportive, consulted, informed

Question 15

what is stakeholder analysis (1)

Answer 15

1- systematically analyzing information to determine whose interests should be taken into account when developing/implementing a policy

Question 16

what are ways of stakeholder analysis (one overlaps with how to categorize stakeholders) - P/I (describe all 4), RASCI (2)

Answer 16

1- RASCI - responsible, accountable, supportive, consulted, informed
2- Power x Interest quadrants:
*high power high interest = key player, manage closely
*high power low interest = keep satisfied
*low power high interest = keep informed
*low power low interest = monitor

Question 17

what are categories to consider as part of policy evaluation - DUE CAFE (7)

Answer 17

1- durability
2- unintended effects
3- effectiveness
4- cost
5- acceptability
6- feasibility
7- equity

Question 18

what is the point of doing economic analyses (1)

Answer 18

1- to assess the relative costs vs. benefits of alternative health care interventions

Question 19

what is a direct health cost (1)

Answer 19

1- actual financial cost of all goods, services, other resources consumed in the provision of a medical intervention (e.g. drugs, staff, tests)

Question 20

what is a direct non-health cost (1)

Answer 20

1- transport, support services, pension payouts

Question 21

what is an indirect cost (1)

Answer 21

1- costs associated with lost or impaired ability to work or (e.g., days lost from work, reduced productivity)

Question 22

what is an intangible cost (1)

Answer 22

1- pain and psychological harm, not measured directly by economic models, but
may be included in quality of life measurements

Question 23

what is cost-benefit analysis (CBA) (1)

Answer 23

1- Determine if monetary
valuation of an intervention’s benefits exceeds its cost

Question 24

what is the calculation outcome of CBA (2)

Answer 24

1- Ratio (benefit:cost ratio)
2- Difference (net benefit)

Question 25

what are advantages of CBA (3)

Answer 25

1- Compare different interventions 2- Easy interpretation 3- Used to set budget priorities

Question 26

what are disadvantages of CBA (1)

Answer 26

1- Valuing health in monetary terms is difficult so not commonly used in health care

Question 27

what is a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) (1)

Answer 27

1- compare health interventions with the same health objectives

Question 28

In CEA, you usually compare BLANK1 interventions to BLANK2 interventions and estimate the extra cost and effect

Answer 28

1- new 2- accepted

Question 29

what is the calculation outcome of CEA (1)

Answer 29

1- ICER - incremental cost-effectiveness ratio

Question 30

how do you calculate an ICER (1) and what does the denominator mean (*)

Answer 30

1- Cost A – Cost B / Effect A – Effect B *effect = QALY, benefit, years, etc.

Question 31

what are advantages of CEA (2)

Answer 31

1- Easy for decision makers 2- Avoid valuing controversial outcomes (e.g. human life)

Question 32

what are disadvantages of CEA (2)

Answer 32

1- Can only compare interventions on the same outcome 2- only one outcome can be measured at a time

Question 33

what is cost-utility analysis (CUA) (1)

Answer 33

1- Sub-type of CEA used when focus is on quality of life or if treatments have many outcomes

Question 34

what is the calculation outcome of CUA (1)

Answer 34

1- QALY - quality-adjusted life year

Question 35

what are advantages of CUA (1)

Answer 35

1- Uses a common unit to facilitate comparisons of cost-effectiveness of different interventions across disease sites or treatments

Question 36

what are disadvantages of CUA (3)

Answer 36

1- Time consuming 2- Methods difficult (relies on expert opinion, rating scales, time trade off, standard gamble, etc.) 3- Difficult to interpret

Question 37

how do you calculate a QALY (1)

Answer 37

1- years of life x utility weight *1 = perfect health

Question 38

what is cost minimization analysis (1)

Answer 38

1- two interventions that are generally similar in terms of effectiveness/outcomes are compared in terms of dollars, for example the cost of Drug A versus the cost of Drug B

Question 39

what are the federal PIPEDA fair information principles (cover the collection, retention, use and deletion/destruction of health information) - SOCIAL-CALI (10)

Answer 39

1- safeguards 2- openness 3- challenging compliance 4- individual access 5- accuracy 6- limit use and disclosure 7- consent 8- accountability 9- limit collection 10- identify purpose

Question 40

what is a privacy breach (2)

Answer 40

1- collection, use, or disclosure of PI that is not in compliance with provisions of applicable privacy legislation. 2- Can be intentional or inadvertent

Question 41

what are measures you can take to prevent a privacy breach - TPP (3)

Answer 41

1- training 2- procedures 3- privacy impact assessments

Question 42

what is the protocol for managing a privacy breach - "Royal College nerd", RC NRD (5)

Answer 42

1- respond 2- contain 3- notify 4- remediate 5- discipline

Question 43

what is PIPEDA (1)

Answer 43

1- Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

Question 44

what is privacy (1)

Answer 44

1- individual’s right to be free from intrusion or interference by others in relation to their bodies, personal information, thoughts and opinions

Question 45

what is confidentiality (1)

Answer 45

1- duty or obligation of an individual or organization to protect entrusted information provided by individuals from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, loss, or theft

Question 46

what is personal information (PI) (1)

Answer 46

1- any identifiable information about an individual, written or verbal (e.g. age, sex, sexual orientation, education, address, phone number)

Question 47

what is personal health information (PHI) (1)

Answer 47

1- any identifiable information about an individual that relates to the provision of health care (medical history, services, test results, health card number)