Health Psych 1

Question 1

4 areas of focus in HP

Answer 1

1. health promotion and maintenance
2. prevention/treatment of ilness
3. etiology and correlations of health, illness, and dysfunction
4. improving healthcare system and formulating health policy

Question 2

healthcare model that focuses on the system, fundamental assumption: health and illness are consequences of interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer 2

biopsychosocial model

Question 3

healthcare model focus on illness,[dom for past 300 yrs] illness can be explained on basis of aberrant somatic processes/ psychological and social processes independent of disease

Answer 3

biomedical model

Question 4

limitations include being a single factor model; mind body dualism; emphasis on illness over health; reductionism

Answer 4

biomedical model limitations

Question 5

illness reduced to microlevel processes, such as chemical imbalances

Answer 5

reductionism

Question 6

____ model shortcoming is that it cannot account for why all ppl with same somatic conditions develop disease/instead need to focus on interaction of multiple pathways

Answer 6

biomedical model shortcoming

Question 7

advantages of biopsychosocial model

Answer 7

1. microlevel processes
2. macrolevel
3. multiple factors
4. mind and body canot be distinguished in matters of health and illness
5. emphasis on both health and illness

Question 8

clinical implications of the biopsychosocial model

Answer 8

1. process of diagnosis/ recommendations for treatment must consider interaction of bio,psycho,and social factors
2. relationship btwn patient and health care practitioner is important in the efectivness of care

Question 9

summary of which model: health habits can be understood only within the patient’s psychological and social text.

Answer 9

biopsychosocial model

Question 10

“The interdisciplinary field concerned with the
development and integration of behavioral and
biomedical science knowledge and techniques
relevant to health and illness and the application of
this knowledge and these techniques to prevention,
diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation”

Answer 10

behavioral medicine

Question 11

The field of medicine that searches for psychological

or emotional causes for illness.

Answer 11

psychosomatic medicine

Question 12

“was established to facilitate 
collaboration among psychologists and 
other health science and health care 
professionals interested in the 
psychological and behavioral aspects of 
physical and mental health”

Answer 12

division 38 of the APA mission statement

Question 13

• Short-term medical illnesses

* Examples: tuberculosis, pneumonia

Answer 13

acute disorders

Question 14

• Slow-developing diseases
• Often these cannot be cured, only managed
• Psychological/Social factors are often causes

Answer 14

chronice disorders

Question 15

between ages 1- ___ yrs :
– #1 cause of death is accidents (40%)
– #2 cause of death is cancer (especially
leukemia)

Answer 15

15

Question 16

aged 15 to __, death due to
– #1 unintentional injury (car accidents)
– #2 homicide
– #3 suicide
– #4 cancer
– Heart disease and AIDs account for the bulk of the
remaining mortality

Answer 16

24

Question 17

young adults ages 18- ___

Answer 17

30

Question 18

middle age: 30- __

Answer 18

60

Question 19

young old adults: 61- __

Answer 19

85

Question 20

old old

Answer 20

85+

Question 21

elderly typically die of degenerative diseases:

Answer 21

– Cancer
– Stroke
– Heart failure
– General physical decline

Question 22

Research method: Two or more conditions differ from
each other in exact and
predetermined ways; Random
assignment

Answer 22

experiments

Question 23

Research method: Experiments to evaluate
treatments/interventions and
effectiveness over time

Answer 23

randomized clinical trials

Question 24

Research method:Groups are naturally-occurring;
participants are grouped using a
subject or participant variable

Answer 24

quasiexperimental

Question 25

features of what metthod?: - participants not randomly assigned - no control group - classifed as field research - cannot determine cause and effect but allows stronger conclusions than from correlational design

Answer 25

quasi experimental design

Question 26

comparing changes in variables (cannot determine causuality)

Answer 26

correlational studies

Question 27

method conducted at only one point in time

Answer 27

cross sectional designs

Question 28

looking forward/ backward

Answer 28

prospective (longitudinal) / retrospective (case control)

Question 29

statistical analysis of many research studies

Answer 29

meta analysis

Question 30

– ½ the patients receive the experimental drug that is supposed to cure the disease or alleviate the symptoms – ½ the patients receive a placebo – Neither the researcher nor the patient knows whether the patient received the drug or the placebo (both are “blind” to the procedure)

Answer 30

double blind experiment

Question 31

– Participants don’t know to which experimental condition they belong but the researcher does – Often used in psychosocial intervention research

Answer 31

single blind experiment

Question 32

Medical procedure producing an effect – Because of its therapeutic intent – And NOT because of its specific nature, whether chemical or physical.

Answer 32

what a placebo is

Question 33

An adverse effect from a placebo is called a

Answer 33

nocebo effect

Question 34

people who show stronger placebo effects

Answer 34

– Have a high need for approval – Have low self esteem – Are externally-oriented toward the environment – Are anxious

Question 35

For a patient to show | a placebo response

Answer 35

– Patients must understand what the treatment is supposed to do – Patients must understand what they need to do

Question 36

situational determinants with placebo effect are

Answer 36

medications, machines, uniforms/ shape, size, color, taste, quantity

Question 37

– “a set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses”

Answer 37

theory

Question 38

A rough theoretical framework | – Example: the various biopsychosocial models

Answer 38

model

Question 39

Role of Theories and Models

Answer 39

1. Generate research (descriptive and hypothesis testing) 2. Organize and explain the observations derived from research and make them intelligible 3. Serve as a guide to action, permitting the prediction of behavior and suggesting strategies to implement to change behavior

Question 40

``` Self-report survey • Interview • Observation • Recording instrument • Biological assay ```

Answer 40

Research Tools: | Assessment Techniques

Question 41

– The extent to which a measuring instrument yields consistent results – Test-retest • Compare scores on more than one occasion – Inter-rater • Compare ratings from two or more judges observing the same phenomenon

Answer 41

reliability

Question 42

____ validity : does it appear superficially to measure what it is supposed to?

Answer 42

face

Question 43

____ validity: does it actually measure the construct that it was designed to measure>?

Answer 43

construct

Question 44

____ validity: does it sample the range of responses represented by the concept being tested?

Answer 44

content

Question 45

___ validity: is the instrument distinct from other instruments?

Answer 45

discriminant

Question 46

___ validity: does it correlate with other measures of the same construct?

Answer 46

criterion

Question 47

___ validity: does the instrument predict a criterion? (diagnosis)

Answer 47

predictive

Question 48

the study of the – frequency – distribution – causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population, based on an investigation of the physical and social environment.

Answer 48

epidemiology

Question 49

number of cases of a disease that exist at some given | point in time

Answer 49

morbidity incidence=# of new cases at a given time prevalence=total # of exisiting cases at given time

Question 50

number of deaths due to a particular cause

Answer 50

mortality

Question 51

``` • Sleeping 7-8 hours a night • Not smoking • Eating breakfast each day • Having no more than 1-2 alcoholic drinks each day • Getting regular exercise • No eating between meals • Being no more than 10% overweight ```

Answer 51

alameda health study's healthy behaviors

Question 52

engaging in more good health habits predicted :

Answer 52

``` – Fewer illnesses – Feeling better – Less disability – Lower mortality @9-12 years later • This is an example of risk factor identification ```

Question 53

– A person’s chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of any risk that other people may have for that disease or disorder

Answer 53

aboslute risk

Question 54

– The ratio of the incidence (prevalence) of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence (prevalence) of that disease in an unexposed group (which is always 1.00) – Men who smoke are 23 times as likely to die of lung cancer and 14 times as likely to die of laryngeal cancer than are men who do not smoke.

Answer 54

relative risk